Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 71 highlighted (see Document E6 obtainable from the ICH Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland). GP fundholding (see Fundholding) Gross domestic product (GDP) The GDP of a country is the value of all its final output of goods and services produced within the country during the relevant period, usually a year. The final output is used to avoid double counting of primary or intermediate materials which are then converted into other goods. The GDP can be contrasted with the gross national product (GNP) which measures the final output of goods and services by factors of production owned by its people, irrespective of where the production takes place. The difference between the GNP and the GDP of a country therefore gives an estimate of the net national income from abroad. Both GNP and GDP can be expressed inclusive of taxes at time of sale (market prices) or excluding such taxes but including subsidies paid to the producer (factor cost). Another related term is the net national product (NNP) which is the gross national income net of capital stock (factories and machinery) depreciation. Gross domestic product deflator (see GDP deflator) Gross national product (GNP) (see under Gross domestic product)
H Hawthorne effect This is the term (named after a study of industrial efficiency at the Hawthorne plant in Chicago) used to describe the effect which is induced by the study itself because subjects react abnormally when they know they are being observed. Hazard function The hazard function, a term used in survival analysis, is a measure of the potential to failure as a function of age. Let T be the random variable representing time to failure or death. The hazard function A,(f ) can then be written as: The product k(t)dt is the probability of failure in the infinitesimally small interval t, t + dt given survival at time t. The hazard function can also be written as: where /(i) is the probability density function and S(t) = 1 -f(t) = P(T > t) is the survival function. f(t) is also called the unconditional failure rate, in contrast to the hazard function which is also referred to as the conditional failure rate. The reason for this can be seen by comparing the definition of f(t) with the hazard function.
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Page 66 and 67: Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
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Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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