Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 131 freely. Examples of such goods are houses and cars. Quasi-private goods are similar to private goods except that they are not freely traded in competitive markets. Examples are public libraries and park amenities (Mitchell RC, Carson RT (1989) Using surveys to value public goods: the contingent valuation method. Resources for the Future, Washington DC). Public interest detailing (see Academic detailing) Publication bias The bias which arises when positive results are published while negative or null results are not (see File drawer problem and Funnel plot). Purchasing power The purchasing power of a currency (PPC) is the amount of goods that it will purchase in its home economy. A conversion rate between currencies can therefore be based on what one currency unit (e.g. US$) will buy in its home economy (the USA) and working out how many currency units (e.g. Yen) would be required in another country (Japan) to buy the same amount of goods. The US$ is often used as the reference currency unit for such comparisons. A PPC-based conversion rate is therefore not the same as the market rate as the former takes account of cost of living in the different countries. However, a key component of international economic analysis is the theory of purchasing power parity which says that in the long run, a US$ should purchase as much in the USA as anywhere else in the world after adjustment for transportation costs and therefore, in the long run, changes in exchange rates reflect relative inflation rates. Economic statistics such as the gross domestic product (GDP) are often reported in terms of both market rates and PPC. Use of PPC produces some surprising rankings. For example, in the World Bank report for 1995, while the USA has the highest world GDP at both PPC and market exchange rates, China moves from seventh position based on market exchange rates to second position using PPC. India similarly moves from 15th position to fifth position. The PPC is often referred to as the purchasing power parity in the popular literature.
Q QALY Few treatments are free from side-effects. Indeed, in some areas of therapy (e.g. cancer chemotherapy), the side-effects (e.g. nausea and alopecia) may be so distressing that patients may refuse therapy. When assessing the effectiveness of such treatments it is therefore important to take account of both the positive and the adverse effects. In other words, the outcome (e.g. survival time or life-years gained) is quality adjusted to take account of the overall impact of treatment on the patient. Such quality-adjusted or utilityadjusted gains in life-years are called QALYs (Figure 22). The gain in quality-adjusted life-years following effective treatment is as shown. The weighting to be used for quality adjustments is controversial. A commonly cited weight matrix is that developed by Rosner and Watts (see Rosner and Figure 22 QALY
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
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G Game theory Game theory, first de
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Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
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Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
Page 170: Z Z variate A random variable which
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