Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf
Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf
Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf
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118 <strong>Dictionary</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Evidence</strong>-<strong>based</strong> <strong>Medicine</strong><br />
Pareto improvement<br />
A Pareto improvement is one by which at least one person is made better<br />
<strong>of</strong>f while no one is made worse <strong>of</strong>f.<br />
Pareto optimality<br />
A situation is said to be Pareto optimal if no one can be made better <strong>of</strong>f<br />
without making another person worse <strong>of</strong>f. Pareto optimality is <strong>of</strong>ten used<br />
as a reason for maintaining the status quo and is criticized for this.<br />
Patient outcomes research team (PORT)<br />
The patient outcomes research team programme was established in 1989<br />
by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research <strong>of</strong> the US Department<br />
<strong>of</strong> Health and Human Services to organize and fund researchers to resolve<br />
the diagnosis and treatment <strong>of</strong> common conditions such as angina, cataracts<br />
and prostate disease. PORT teams are usually made up <strong>of</strong> clinicians,<br />
assisted by scientists such as biostatisticians.<br />
Patient's expected event rate<br />
The patient's expected event rate (PEER) is the probability that the patient<br />
will experience the event concerned (e.g. myocardial infarction) over the<br />
time frame considered. Estimates <strong>of</strong> PEER are ideally obtained from robust<br />
prognosis papers. However, in practice it may be necessary to obtain PEER<br />
from historical controls. PEER is used for calculating number needed to<br />
treat (NNT) from reported odds ratios as follows:<br />
I - (PEER) x (1 -OR)<br />
(1 - PEER) x (PEER) x (1 - OR)<br />
Patients' preferences (see Utility)<br />
PEER (see Patient's expected event rate)<br />
Perceived substitute effect<br />
This is used to describe the effect which the perception that a product can<br />
be satisfactorily substituted by another has on price sensitivity (Nagle TT,