Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a controlled trial in a single individual. Such a trial is usually randomized and double blind to minimize bias. It is usually used when the available evidence about a particular intervention is insufficient or cannot be applied to that individual. A standard design for an N of 1 trial is for the individual patient to take either the drug under study or a placebo in a randomized, double-blind manner for a pre-determined period of time. The effects are monitored and a second period of treatment undertaken in the same way. Periods of paired treatments can be repeated and conclusions drawn about the relative efficacy of the treatments (Guyatt GH, Keller JL, Jaeschke R et al. (1990) The n-of-1 randomised controlled trial: clinical usefulness. Our three year experience. Annals of Internal Medicine. 112: 293-9). National Co-ordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment (NCCHTA) The NCCHTA was established by the UK Department of Health in 1996 to manage, provide support to, develop and promulgate its health technology assessment programme. The Centre is a consortium which includes the Wessex Institute for Health Research and Development at the University of Southampton and the University of York's Centre for Health Economics and Department of Health Sciences and Clinical Evaluation (http://www.soton.ac.uk/~wi/hta/index.html). National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) NICE is an institute being set up by the UK Department of Health to promote clinical cost-effectiveness and the production and dissemination of clinical guidelines (DoH (1997) The new NHS. Cmd 3807. HMSO, London).
108 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine National Schedule of Reference Costs The National Schedule of Reference Costs are cost data which NHS trusts are required to publish in a consistent manner so that performance on efficiency can be bench-marked (DoH (1997) The new NHS. Cmd 3807. HMSO, London). NCE NCE is the abbreviation for new chemical entity in relation to drug licence applications to the US Food and Drug Administration. NDA NDA stands for new drug application in drug licensing terminology. In evidence-based medicine, NDA refers to number of deaths avoided. Let Fj(t) and F 2 (t) be the risk of deaths observed in a trial with patients receiving treatments 1 and 2 respectively. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) is given by: The number of deaths avoided is given by: NDA = n x ARR where n is the number of patients receiving treatment 2. In some papers, the authors take n to mean the whole population to whom the results of the trial are being extrapolated. Negative likelihood ratio The negative likelihood ratio (NLR) is defined by the equation: NLR = (1 ~ sensitivity) specificity The negative likelihood ratio indicates how much more (NLR > 1) or less (NLR < 1) likely a negative result is to be found in a person with the condition compared to one without (Correction (1998) BMJ. 316: 225).
Page 2 and 3:
Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 4 and 5:
Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7:
A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
Page 8 and 9:
Page 10 and 11:
Page 12 and 13:
Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
Page 14 and 15:
B Balanced design In an experiment,
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63: Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 66 and 67: Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163:
u Unique value effect This term is
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170:
Z Z variate A random variable which
show all

Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?