Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 151 adverse outcome; (v) only small apparent differences between the different options (Kassirer }P (1994) Incorporating patients' preferences into medical decisions. New England Journal of Medicine. 330:1895-6). Surrogate outcome measure A surrogate outcome measure is an end point used in lieu of another which is usually clinically more meaningful, but practically more difficult, to measure. For example, bone mineral density is often used as a surrogate outcome measure for bone fracture in clinical trials of prophylatic treatments, such as of hormone replacement therapy. Survival analysis Survival analysis refers to the study of time to events (e.g. time to death or recovery, time to failure of light bulbs, time to breakdown of a machinery component, etc.). The methodology overcomes problems associated with single time point estimations of failure (e.g. deaths, breakdowns and disease relapse) because the complete survival or failure curve is considered including censoring or loss to follow-up and end of study before 100% failure (see Cox model, Censoring). (Parmar MKB, Machin D (1995) Survival analysis. John Wiley, Chichester. Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice DL (1980) The statistical analysis of failure time data. John Wiley, New York). Survival function The survival function, usually written as S(t), is the probability that the individual concerned survives longer than time t and hence is alive (or free from event) at time t. This can be calculated as follows: Symmetric distribution A symmetric distribution is one in which values are symmetrically distributed around the mean. The population mean and median are then the same and the interval between the 25th percentile and the mean is equal to
152 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine the interval between the mean and the 75th percentile. The Gaussian or normal distribution is an example of a symmetric distribution. Systematic overview (see under Systematic review) Systematic review A systematic review or overview is a review of a particular subject undertaken in such a systematic way that the risk of bias is reduced. The review objectives are defined precisely and formal and explicit methods are used to retrieve the available evidence as comprehensively as possible. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies are defined. In the evaluation of medical interventions, outcomes to be used for efficacy or safety are identified and the relevant data extracted using explicit methods. Appropriate statistical methods are used for pooling any suitable quantitative data (meta-analysis) to provide an estimate of efficacy or safety and the clinical significance of the results discussed (Li Wan Po A (1997) A practical guide to undertaking a systematic review. Pharmaceutical Journal. 258: 518-20).
Page 2 and 3:
Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 4 and 5:
Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7:
A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
Page 8 and 9:
Page 10 and 11:
Page 12 and 13:
Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
Page 14 and 15:
B Balanced design In an experiment,
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29:
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107: Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
Page 170: Z Z variate A random variable which
show all

Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?