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G Game theory Game theory, first developed by von Neumann (1903-57), is the study of strategic decision making by more than one person. A classic application of game theory is in the study of oligopolies or markets in which there are a few firms, each of which has to consider the response of others before acting. In such a market, before a firm raises or drops its prices, it has to consider whether the others will follow or take no action. Using game theory, it can be shown that in such a market, the oligopolists are likely to maintain price stability (von Neumann J, Morgenstern O (1944) The theory of games and economic behaviour. John Wiley, New York. Gibbons R (1992) A primer in game theory. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hertfordshire). GCP (see Good clinical practice) GDP deflator The gross domestic product (GDP) deflator is a number which shows the GDP in constant prices. It is derived by dividing the GDP in current prices by the GDP in constant prices. When presenting the GDP deflator for a number of years in the form of a series, scaling is used. A given year is used as the reference year and given a value of 100. For example, in the 1994 US Economic Report to the President, the GDP deflator for 1987 was assigned a value of 100. The deflators for 1985,1986,1987,1988,1989 and 1990 were given as 94.4, 96.6, 100, 103.9, 108.5 and 113.3 respectively. Therefore, given the deflator for a given year and the GDP for that year, the GDP can be expressed in 1987 dollars. General Household Survey The General Household Survey (GHS) is an annual survey undertaken by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) to provide data on health, population characteristics, education and economic activity. The need for the GHS is being reviewed by the ONS.
68 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine Generalizability (see External validity) Generalizability theory Classic test theory assumes that an observed test score is made up of two components, a true score and an error term. The ratio of the true variance to the composite (true + error) variance is the reliability coefficient. Generalizability theory proposes that whenever measurements are taken, there are many sources of variance (referred to as facets) contributing error to the estimates being made. An important objective of any estimation is therefore the identification and measurement of those variance components through appropriate factorial studies. Such studies are referred to as generalizability or G studies in the literature relating to development of measurement scales. Within the framework of generalizability theory, studies are also undertaken to evaluate how decision rules, such as pooling of different raters' scores, influence the reliability of the measurements. Such studies are called decision or D studies (Cronbach LJ, Gleser GC, Nanda H, Rajaramam N (1972) The dependability of behavioral measurement: theory of generalizability for scores. John Wiley, New York). Generalized linear model The generalized linear model is a statistical model for analysing the pattern of association and interactions between variables which takes the form: Where g(y] is a function of the dependent variable TJ, the beta values are the coefficients for the k predictor (x) variables. All generalized linear models include three components: (i) the random component which identifies the response variable; (ii) a systematic component which specifies the explanatory or predictor variables; (iii) a link which describes the functional relationship between the systematic component and the expected values of the random component. Generalized linear models include ordinary regression analysis and analysis of variance as well as more complex models such as logistic regression models and log linear models.
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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