Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946) John Maynard Keynes was a British economist whose influential work led to the school of thought referred to as Keynesian economics. His book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) provided the framework for much of modern macroeconomic theory. His main thesis, unlike that of the neoclassical economists, was that self-correcting market forces were weak and that government intervention was necessary to control wide fluctuations and to ensure full employment.
L L'Abbe plot This is a plot displaying individual trial results so that readers can rapidly identify which of the trials included in a systematic review show benefits in favour of the test treatment and which do not (Figure 13). The two axes of the plot represent the response of interest for the two treatment groups. Identical scales are chosen for each group's responses (y axis for test treatment and x axis for the control treatment) and the plane subdivided into two equal areas separated by a 45° diagonal line of equality. Therefore, trials which show results in favour of the test treatment fall in the region above the diagonal while those which favour the control treatment fall below the diagonal. The symbol (e.g. circles) chosen to represent the individual trial may be sized to reflect the sample size or inverse variance of the estimate and hence the weight which should be attached to each of the trials (L'Abbe KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K (1987) Meta-analysis in clinical research. Annals of Internal Medicine. 107: 224-33). Libertarianism (see under Utilitarianism) Likelihood ratio The likelihood of an outcome is the probability of its occurrence under a given probability model. Likelihood = p(y|model) The likelihood ratio (LR) is simply the ratio of two likelihoods, i.e. LR = p(y|model-l) / p(y|model-2) In Bayesian analysis, the likelihood ratio is used to transform the prior odds of one model compared to another, to the posterior odds as follows: p(model-l|i/) / p(model-2) = LR x [p(model-l) / p(model-2)] Posterior odds = LR x prior odds
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Page 66 and 67: Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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