Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 155 relevant health authority. This activity is being transferred to primary care groups (DoH (1997) The new NHS. Cmd 3807. HMSO, London). Treatment guidelines (see under Practice guidelines) Treatment received analysis (see Intention to treat analysis) True negative ratio (see Specificity) True positive ratio (see Sensitivity) Type A adverse reaction A type A (augmented effect) adverse drug reaction is one which is predictable from the pharmacology of the drug (e.g. hypotension caused by antihypertensive drugs and anticholinergic adverse effects of Hj antihistamines). Such adverse reactions can usually be managed through appropriate dose titration. In theory, everyone is susceptible to type A reactions if the offending drug dose is increased sufficiently (Park K, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR (1992) Idiosyncratic drug reactions: a mechanistic evaluation of risk factors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 34: 377-95). Type B adverse reaction A type B (bizarre) reaction is one which is idiosyncratic and usually appears to be independent of both dose and pharmacology of the drug. It is difficult to predict and is often serious. Examples are penicillin allergy and blood dyscrasias associated with some drugs (Park K, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR (1992) Idiosyncratic drug reactions: a mechanistic evaluation of risk factors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 34: 377-95). Type C adverse reaction A type C adverse reaction is one associated with long-term therapy. Although the mechanism may be unclear, because such reactions (e.g. benzodiazepine dependence) are well described and are characteristic of
156 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine drug classes, they can be predicted with reasonable degrees of certainty (Park K, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR (1992) Idiosyncratic drug reactions: a mechanistic evaluation of risk factors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 34: 377-95). Type D adverse reaction This term is sometimes used to describe carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. There is usually a long delay between drug exposure and appearance of the adverse effect (Park K, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR (1992) Idiosyncratic drug reactions: a mechanistic evaluation of risk factors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 34: 377-95). Type I error In hypothesis testing this is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. This is a false-positive rate since it gives the probability of erroneously pronouncing a test significant. This error rate is often called the a error rate. Conventionally, the a rate in hypothesis testing is often set at 0.05 (Li Wan Po A (1998) Statistics for pharmacists. Blackwell Science, Oxford). Type II error In hypothesis testing the type II error is the probability of failing to detect an effect when it is in fact present. This error rate is often referred to as the p error. The complement of type II error (1-P) is called the power of the test. Conventionally, the (3 error is often set at 0.8.
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
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G Game theory Game theory, first de
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I ICD (see International Classifica
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K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
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M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
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Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
Page 170: Z Z variate A random variable which
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