Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 119 Holden RK (1994) The strategy and tactics of pricing: a guide to profitable decision making. 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs). Performance measures Performance measures are methods or instruments used to estimate or monitor the extent to which actions of a health care practitioner or provider conform to practice guidelines, medical review criteria or standards of quality (Field MJ, Lohr KN (eds) (1990) Clinical practice guidelines: directions for a new program. National Academy Press, Washington DC). Period prevalence (see under Incidence) Personal Social Services Personal Social Services are services in the United Kingdom for vulnerable people, including those with special needs because of old age or physical or mental disability, and children in need of care and protection. Examples are the services provided by social workers, residential care homes for the elderly, meals on wheels and homes for the mentally handicapped. Perspective In economic analyses, perspective refers to the viewpoint adopted in the analysis. Ideally, in an economic analysis, a societal perspective should be adopted but more commonly the perspective of a specific funding agency (e.g. the National Health Service or a hospital trust) is used. Perverse taste paradox (see Utilitarianism) Pharmaceutical alternatives The US Food and Drug Administration defines pharmaceutical alternatives as drug products which contain the same therapeutic moiety but are different salts, esters or complexes of that moiety or are different strengths or dosage forms for which there are no data available to make assessments of bioequivalence. Pharmaceutical care Pharmaceutical care is a term used to define patient-centred, outcomesoriented pharmacy practice. The objective is to optimize the patient's health-related quality of life. Close professional interaction with the patient
120 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine and other health care workers is necessary so that health may be promoted, disease prevented and therapy monitored effectively (APA (1995) Principles of pharmaceutical care. American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington). Pharmaceutical equivalents The US Food and Drug Administration defines pharmaceutical equivalents as drug products which contain the same active ingredient(s), are of the same dosage form and route of administration and are identical in strength or concentration. They are formulated to meet compendial or other applicable standards but may differ in shape, appearance, excipient composition, expiration time and labelling. Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (see PPRS) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling For many drugs, the blood level is linearly related to the intensity of its pharmacological and/or clinical effects, which can be both beneficial and toxic. For other drugs this cannot be applied so readily. For example, the liver toxicity of paracetamol is non-linear with respect to blood level in that the drug is not toxic to the liver below a threshold level but toxicity is severe above it. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling (PK-PD modelling) attempts to define the precise relationship between the kinetics of a drug's distribution and the kinetics of its pharmacological effects (Smith RB, Kroboth PD, Juhl RP (eds) (1986) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Harvey Whitney Books, Cincinnati. Cutler NR, Sramek JJ, Narang PK (1994) Pharmacodynamics and drug development. John Wiley, Chichester). Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics is the study of the distribution of drugs in the body as a function of time. Such studies are important for working out appropriate dosage regimens for individual drugs so that efficacy can be optimized and toxicity minimized. Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy is the term used to describe treatment undertaken with drugs (pharmacological agents).
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
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G Game theory Game theory, first de
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Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
Page 170: Z Z variate A random variable which
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