Brainâ€“Computer Interfaces - Index of

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Brain–Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control in Locked-in Patients 195 the BCI at the patient’s bedside damage cannot be avoided. Caregivers perform their duties and handle medical equipment in close vicinity of the patient. While pulling the bed sheets for example, one can also easily pull some cables of the electrodes. Or, while washing the patient’s hair after training (most patients stay in bed while this happens!), water might easily drip on the amplifier. Thus, the second requirement of a BCI system for patients’ homes is that it is robust. When J. has returned, we start adjusting the computer screen so that it is on his eye height. When patients are in a wheelchair they often sit higher than people on a normal chair and cannot always move their head such that they can see the screen. When the neck is also paralyzed, the head of a patient is often attached to the back of the wheel chair to prevent it from dropping down (something that happened with J. during run 7; see protocol in Fig. 3). Fortunately, J. has many board game boxes lying around and we use them to put under the screen. At the house of Ursula Broermann, we use encyclopaedias (see Fig. 2). For some patients who are bed-ridden, it would be useful to attach the computer screen above their bed facing down. The third requirement of a BCI system at the home of patients is that it is compact, so that you can carry it around easily and put it on strange places like game board boxes. In addition, the cables attached to the monitor, the electrode cap and the computer should be long, because one never knows where you can put the system. The direct space around a typical ALS patient is already filled with many technical devices. Fig. 2 Dr. Ursula Broermann sitting in front of the BCI computer screen (supported by encyclopaedias). On the left one can see the patient in a wheel chair with the electrode cap on. The wheelchair is slightly tilted to the back to stabilize the head into the chair. This way, the head does not need to be supported with a head band, which would influence the signal quality. Beside the wheelchair, in the middle of the picture, on can see the artificial ventilation machine. The amplifier is sitting on a chair besides the patient (no visible in this picture)
196 F. Nijboer and U. Broermann Now that the BCI system is set up, we can place the electrode cap with 16 electrodes on the head of J. Because a good contact between the electrode surface and the skin needs to be established, we need to fill the electrodes with electrode gel. This procedure in itself is relatively easy and takes no longer than 5–10 min for an experienced EEG researcher. However, it creates a big problem for any BCI user who is severely paralyzed, because it is very cumbersome to wash the hair after training, especially when the patient is in a wheel chair or in a bed. A future requirement of BCI systems would therefore be the use of electrodes which do not need to be filled with electrode gel. First results with so-called dry electrodes [52] have been promising. After we have shown J. his brain signals and jokingly told him we could still detect a brain, we are finally ready to start the BCI session. In Fig. 3 the protocol of session 4 can be found. During this session we tested him with a P300 BCI. We instructed J. to “write” the sentence “Franz jagt im komplett verwahrlosten Taxi quer durch Bayern” (translation: “Franz hurries in a completely shabby taxi across Bavaria”). SubjectCode: Patient J. Date: 10.03.2005 Instructors: Tamara & Femke Session number: 4 Parameterfile: 3Speller_DAS.prm Cap: Blue; 16 channels Comments: Referenced to right mastoid; grounded with left mastoid; all impedances below 5 kOhm; signals looking good Run Number (and time) Word To Copy Comments 1 (10:44 am) Franz 2 (10:47 am) jagt Telephone is ringing 3 (10:50 am) im 4 (10:55 am) komplett When he was trying to spell the letter ‚L’ he had fasciculations that were visible in the EEG. 5 (11:03 am) verwahr 6 (11:10 am) losten Again fasciculations 7 (11:15 am) taxi We suspended this run, because he cannot keep his head up anymore. His head dropped down! 7 (11:40 am) taxi 8 (11:44 am) quer 9 (11:48 am) durch Yawning ; patient reported not sleeping much the night before 10 (11:52 am) Bayern Fig. 3 Training protocol from session 4 with patient J. The header contains information on technical aspects of this measurement and how the signals were acquired. The first row specifies the run number and the time the run started. Then, the Word-To-Copy column specifies which word J. had to copy in each of the ten runs. In the final column there is space to comment on the run
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THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION
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Bernhard Graimann · Brendan Alliso
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Preface It’s an exciting time to
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Contents Brain-Computer Interfaces:
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Contributors Brendan Allison Instit
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Contributors xi Femke Nijboer Insti
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List of Abbreviations ADHD Attentio
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Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Gentle
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30 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay by b
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32 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 2 Br
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34 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Fig.
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36 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Sens
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38 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay pote
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40 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay EEG-
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42 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 29.
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48 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper F
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52 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper r
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54 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper 6
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56 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper B
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66 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller s
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68 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller 2
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70 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller F
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72 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller b
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74 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller E
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80 G. Pfurtscheller et al. mode, th
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82 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Therefor
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84 G. Pfurtscheller et al. A B C 1
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86 G. Pfurtscheller et al. filters
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88 G. Pfurtscheller et al. differen
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90 G. Pfurtscheller et al. In this
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92 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Fig. 8 P
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94 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 10. D. F
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96 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 51. G. P
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98 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 1 Three
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100 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 3 Two-
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102 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 5 Comp
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104 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 7 Mont
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106 E.W. Sellers et al. fixation wa
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108 E.W. Sellers et al. 5 SMR-Based
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110 E.W. Sellers et al. 22. D.J Kru
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Detecting Mental States by Machine
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138 Y. Wang et al. which has been e
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140 Y. Wang et al. After many studi
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142 Y. Wang et al. Left Hand Right
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Page 182 and 183: Non Invasive BCIs for Neuroprosthes
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248 K.J. Miller and J.G. Ojemann Fi
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252 K.J. Miller and J.G. Ojemann me
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254 K.J. Miller and J.G. Ojemann In
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256 K.J. Miller and J.G. Ojemann ar
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258 K.J. Miller and J.G. Ojemann 26
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260 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk mapp
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262 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk 2 BC
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264 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk Fig.
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266 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk Filt
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268 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk proc
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270 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk exis
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272 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk reco
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274 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk Fig.
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276 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk numb
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278 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk 5. A
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The First Commercial Brain-Computer
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306 Y. Li et al. Fig. 1 Basic desig
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308 Y. Li et al. Fig. 2 A linear tr
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310 Y. Li et al. The large Laplacia
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312 Y. Li et al. components is larg
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314 Y. Li et al. P300-based, and ER
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316 Y. Li et al. 3.3.2 Autoregressi
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318 Y. Li et al. selection as follo
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320 Y. Li et al. 5.1.2 Support Vect
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322 Y. Li et al. is small and the n
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324 Y. Li et al. (ROC) analysis app
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326 Y. Li et al. Fig. 10 The stimul
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328 Y. Li et al. 6. M. Cheng, X. Ga
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330 Y. Li et al. 46. K. Crammer and
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332 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 1 Schem
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334 A. Schlögl et al. For the rect
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336 A. Schlögl et al. whereby T in
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338 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 2 State
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340 A. Schlögl et al. yk = a1 · y
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342 A. Schlögl et al. d{i}(x) = ((
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344 A. Schlögl et al. Accordingly,
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346 A. Schlögl et al. not exceed a
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348 A. Schlögl et al. Error [%] RL
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350 A. Schlögl et al. Table 3 Aver
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352 A. Schlögl et al. The extended
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354 A. Schlögl et al. 24. N.G. Pfu
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs Brendan Z. A
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 359 BCI Chal
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 361 communic
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 363 facial m
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 365 The best
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 367 Across a
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 369 the ques
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 371 controll
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 373 controls
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 375 hair in
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 377 Table 1
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 379 conversa
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 381 may down
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 383 physicis
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 385 31. F.H.
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 387 67. G. S
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390 Index 65, 157, 163, 217, 221-23
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392 Index 208, 236, 243, 245, 260-2
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