Brainâ€“Computer Interfaces - Index of

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262 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk 2 BCI2000 Design 2.1 System Model The BCI2000 system model [27] was designed such that it can accommodate any kind of BCIs. This model is similar to that proposed in [15]. Any BCI consists of three main components: a data acquisition component that records signals from the brain; a signal processing algorithm that extracts signal features that represent the user’s intent and that translates them into commands for an output device; and a user application component that performs these commands, e.g., for letter selection. These components of any BCI system are described in e.g. [35] and in chapters “Brain Signals for Brain-Computer Interfaces” and “Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Gentle Introduction in this book. In BCI2000, these three components correspond to three “core modules”: A Source Module, which acquires and stores data, a Signal Processing Module, and a User Application Module (Fig. 1). These core modules are realized as independent executables; they exchange data using a network-capable protocol. There is a Source Module for each type of data acquisition hardware, a Signal Processing Module for each type of signal processing algorithm, and a User Application Module for each type of feedback or output device. These modules may be re-combined by choosing a different set of executables when starting up BCI2000. Typically, this is done by executing different startup scripts in order to run BCI2000. As an example, conducting sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) feedback experiments using the g.tec TM g.USBamp acquisition system will involve the g.USBamp Source module (for data acquisition and storage), the ARSignalProcessing module (for spatial filtering, autoregressive spectral estimation, linear classification, and signal normalization), and the CursorTask module (to give visual feedback to the user in form of cursor movement). Source Storage Operator system configuration visualization brain signals Signal control signals event markers Processing event markers event markers User Application Fig. 1 BCI2000 System Model. Acquired data are processed sequentially by three modules (i.e., Source, Signal Processing, and User Application). Processing is controlled by an additional Operator module (from [27])
Using BCI2000 in BCI Research 263 Once BCI2000 has been started, further configuration and control is performed through a dedicated Operator Module. That module provides the experimenter’s user interface. While it may contain different parameters that are specific to a particular experiment, the Operator module is the same program for all possible configurations of BCI2000. In other words, the BCI2000 graphical interface to the investigator does not have to be rewritten for different configurations. The Operator module provides a user interface to start, pause, and resume system operation. In addition, it is able to display logging information, signal visualization, and a reduced copy of the user’s screen during system operation (Fig. 2). The functional details of individual modules are configured by parameters that are requested by the individual components that make up each module. For example, the data acquisition component of the BCI2000 Source module typically requests a parameter that sets the device’s sampling rate. The parameters of all modules are displayed, modified, and organized in the Operator module’s configuration dialog (Fig. 3). To perform experiments using BCI2000, one needs a Source module that corresponds to the utilized hardware used; a Signal Processing module that extracts features relevant to the BCI paradigm of choice; and a User Application module that implements the particular BCI paradigm. For simple stimulation experiments that do not require real-time feedback, the Signal Processing module may be replaced with an empty “dummy” module. Fig. 2 BCI2000 Operator module, displaying source signal (bottom left), timing information (top right), a downsampled copy of the application window (medium right), and an application log (bottom right)
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THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION
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Bernhard Graimann · Brendan Alliso
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Preface It’s an exciting time to
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Contents Brain-Computer Interfaces:
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Contributors Brendan Allison Instit
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Contributors xi Femke Nijboer Insti
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List of Abbreviations ADHD Attentio
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Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Gentle
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30 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay by b
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32 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 2 Br
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34 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Fig.
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36 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Sens
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38 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay pote
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40 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay EEG-
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42 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 29.
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48 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper F
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80 G. Pfurtscheller et al. mode, th
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82 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Therefor
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84 G. Pfurtscheller et al. A B C 1
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86 G. Pfurtscheller et al. filters
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90 G. Pfurtscheller et al. In this
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94 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 10. D. F
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96 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 51. G. P
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98 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 1 Three
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100 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 3 Two-
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102 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 5 Comp
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104 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 7 Mont
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106 E.W. Sellers et al. fixation wa
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108 E.W. Sellers et al. 5 SMR-Based
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110 E.W. Sellers et al. 22. D.J Kru
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Detecting Mental States by Machine
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138 Y. Wang et al. which has been e
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140 Y. Wang et al. After many studi
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142 Y. Wang et al. Left Hand Right
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144 Y. Wang et al. 0-degree 60-degr
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146 Y. Wang et al. 3.1.2 Stimulatio
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148 Y. Wang et al. Foot 1 0.5 Left
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150 Y. Wang et al. be summarized as
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152 Y. Wang et al. Fig. 10 A player
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154 Y. Wang et al. 22. Y. Wang, R.
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156 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng C A
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158 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 3 B
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168 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 8.
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Non Invasive BCIs for Neuroprosthes
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Brain-Computer Interfaces for Commu
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332 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 1 Schem
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs Brendan Z. A
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 359 BCI Chal
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 361 communic
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 363 facial m
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 365 The best
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 367 Across a
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 369 the ques
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 371 controll
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 373 controls
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 375 hair in
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 377 Table 1
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 379 conversa
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 381 may down
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 383 physicis
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 385 31. F.H.
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 387 67. G. S
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390 Index 65, 157, 163, 217, 221-23
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392 Index 208, 236, 243, 245, 260-2
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