Brainâ€“Computer Interfaces - Index of

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The First Commercial Brain–Computer Interface Environment 287 Fig. 5 Scalp electrode montage with bipolar (a) and monopolar recordings (b). (c): ECoG electrode with 64 electrodes (picture from Gerwin Schalk Wadsworth Center, USA, Kai Miller and Jeff Ojemann University of Washington, USA)
288 C. Guger and G. Edlinger Amplifiers with bipolar inputs use typically instrumentation amplifiers as input units with a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). The electrodes are connected to the plus and the minus inputs of the amplifier and electrodes are mounted on the scalp in a distance of about 2.5–10 cm (see Fig. 5a). The ground electrode is mounted e.g. on the forehead. Bipolar derivations have the advantage of suppressing noise and artifacts very well, so that only local brain activity near the electrodes is picked up. In contrast, monopolar input amplifiers have a common reference electrode that is typically mounted at the ear lobes or mastoids (Fig. 5b). Monopolar recordings refer measurements to the reference electrode and are more sensitive to artifacts, but make it possible to calculate bipolar, small/large Laplacian, Hjorth’s, or common average reference (CAR) derivations afterwards [14]. Typically, bipolar derivations are preferred if only a few channels should be used, while monopolar channels are used for recordings with many electrodes such as ECoG or when spatial filters are applied (Fig. 5C). Groups of ground potential separated amplifiers allow the simultaneous acquisition of other biosignals like ECG and EMG along with EEG without any interference. Another benefit of separated ground potentials is the ability to record multiple subjects with one amplifier, which allows e.g. BCI games where users can play against each other [15]. The signal type (EEG, ECoG, evoked potentials – EP) also influences the necessary sampling frequency and bandwidth of the amplifier. For EEG signals, sampling frequencies of 256 Hz with a bandwidth of 0.5–100 Hz are typically used [4]. For ECoG recordings, sampling frequencies of 512 or 1200 Hz are applied with a bandwidth of 0.5–500 Hz [3]. A special case are slow waves, where a lower cut-off frequency of 0.01 Hz is needed [10]. For P300 based systems, a bandwidth of A B C D E F S1 IP 41 G H Rx only K060803 Fig. 6 Labeling on the outside of biosignal amplifiers. (a): In the European Union, only amplifiers with the CE mark are allowed. The number indicates the notified body that tested the product according to EN 60601. (b): Applied part of type CF. (c): Applied part of type BF. (d): Follow instructions for use. (e): Safety class II. (f): S1 – Permanent operation., IP 41: Protected against particulate matter of degree 4 (wire with diameter of 1 mm). Protection against ingress of water of degree 1 (protection against vertical falling water drops). (g): Potential equalization connector – should be connected to the shielding of the experimental room, to the PC and other metal parts surrounding the BCI system to avoid noise in the EEG recordings. (h): Rx only – Prescription device in the USA and example K-number for FDA approved device
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THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION
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Bernhard Graimann · Brendan Alliso
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Preface It’s an exciting time to
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Contents Brain-Computer Interfaces:
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Contributors Brendan Allison Instit
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Contributors xi Femke Nijboer Insti
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List of Abbreviations ADHD Attentio
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Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Gentle
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30 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay by b
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32 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 2 Br
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34 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Fig.
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36 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Sens
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38 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay pote
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40 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay EEG-
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42 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 29.
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48 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper F
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52 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper r
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54 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper 6
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56 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper B
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66 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller s
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68 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller 2
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70 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller F
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72 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller b
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74 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller E
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80 G. Pfurtscheller et al. mode, th
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82 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Therefor
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84 G. Pfurtscheller et al. A B C 1
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86 G. Pfurtscheller et al. filters
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88 G. Pfurtscheller et al. differen
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90 G. Pfurtscheller et al. In this
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92 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Fig. 8 P
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94 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 10. D. F
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96 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 51. G. P
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98 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 1 Three
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100 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 3 Two-
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102 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 5 Comp
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104 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 7 Mont
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106 E.W. Sellers et al. fixation wa
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108 E.W. Sellers et al. 5 SMR-Based
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110 E.W. Sellers et al. 22. D.J Kru
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Detecting Mental States by Machine
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138 Y. Wang et al. which has been e
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140 Y. Wang et al. After many studi
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142 Y. Wang et al. Left Hand Right
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144 Y. Wang et al. 0-degree 60-degr
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146 Y. Wang et al. 3.1.2 Stimulatio
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148 Y. Wang et al. Foot 1 0.5 Left
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150 Y. Wang et al. be summarized as
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152 Y. Wang et al. Fig. 10 A player
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154 Y. Wang et al. 22. Y. Wang, R.
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156 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng C A
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158 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 3 B
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160 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng pat
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162 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng Fig
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164 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng of
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166 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng Neu
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168 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 8.
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Non Invasive BCIs for Neuroprosthes
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Brain-Computer Interfaces for Commu
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204 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner mo
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206 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner el
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208 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner ac
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210 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner de
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212 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner Ma
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216 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner ev
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218 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner fo
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BCIs Based on Signals from Between
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338 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 2 State
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340 A. Schlögl et al. yk = a1 · y
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342 A. Schlögl et al. d{i}(x) = ((
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344 A. Schlögl et al. Accordingly,
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346 A. Schlögl et al. not exceed a
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348 A. Schlögl et al. Error [%] RL
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350 A. Schlögl et al. Table 3 Aver
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352 A. Schlögl et al. The extended
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354 A. Schlögl et al. 24. N.G. Pfu
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs Brendan Z. A
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 359 BCI Chal
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 361 communic
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 363 facial m
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 365 The best
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 367 Across a
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 369 the ques
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 371 controll
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 373 controls
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 375 hair in
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 377 Table 1
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 379 conversa
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 381 may down
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 383 physicis
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 385 31. F.H.
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 387 67. G. S
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390 Index 65, 157, 163, 217, 221-23
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392 Index 208, 236, 243, 245, 260-2
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