Brain–Computer Interfaces - Index of

Intracortical BCIs: A Brief History of Neural Timing 215
Fig. 4 Trajectories from an eight-target 3D virtual center-out task comparing actual hand movements
and various brain-control scenarios. Trajectories go from a center start position out to one
of eight radial targets located at the corners of an imaginary cube. Trajectories to eight targets are
split into two plots of four for easier 2D viewing. Line shading indicates intended target. Black
dots indicate when the intended target was hit. Thicker solid lines are drawn connecting the center
start position to the eight outer target locations. (a) Actual hand trajectories generated when the
monkey moved the virtual cursor under “hand control”. (b) Trajectories predicted off line from
the neural activity recorded during the hand movements shown in part a. (c) Trajectories generated
with the cursor under real-time brain control using a fixed (i.e. non-adaptive) decoding function.
(d) Trajectories generated with the cursor under real-time brain control using an adaptive decoding
function that was regularly adjusted to make use of learning-induced changes in the neural coding.
In a–c, the animal’s arm was free to move. In D, both of the animal’s arms were held still