Brainâ€“Computer Interfaces - Index of

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268 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk processing module may profit from all existing BCI2000 components, and additionally introduce a new filter component, purely by writing Matlab code rather than C++. Such a filter component consists of a processing script that acts on chunks of data, and a few helper scripts that provide configuration and initialization functions. These scripts are executed inside a Matlab engine environment, and have full access to BCI2000 configuration parameters and state variables. In other words, it is possible to write Matlab scripts that request system parameters (which will appear at the interface to the investigator and are stored in the data file) and state variables (which will be stored along with individual data samples). 2.3.4 Online Data Exchange In addition to the TCP/IP-based network protocol used internally by BCI2000 (which is capable but complex), BCI2000 also includes a simple UDP-based network protocol. The protocol data format is ASCII-based and human-readable; it consists of a sequence of names followed by numerical values. This protocol is used to transfer information contained in state variables, and the “control signal” that is transferred from the Signal Processing module into the application module. This data sharing interface is useful if BCI2000 is to be connected to external application programs such as word processors (so that the external application is controlled by the output of the Signal Processing module), or to hardware such as environmental control interfaces, wheelchairs, or limb prostheses. The use of that interface requires writing a small interfacing application in any programming language, or modifying an existing application to read data over a network connection. 2.3.5 Operator Module Scripting As described above, the Operator module is the experimenter’s graphical user interface (GUI) for configuration and control of the BCI2000 system. Some of the operations of the Operator module can be scripted to execute programmatically. Most importantly, scripts may be tied to events such as system startup, or the end of an experimental run. Using Operator scripting, it is possible to completely wrap up the experimenter side of BCI2000 into scripts, and to remote-control it from a separate application. Thus, for example, a complex series of stimulus presentation paradigms can be realized using combinations of BCI2000 and external applications. 2.4 Important Characteristics of BCI2000 In summary, BCI2000 provides a number of characteristics that make it a good choice for many research applications. First, it comes with full source code in C++ and can incorporate signal processing routines written in Matlab TM . Second, BCI2000 does not rely on third-party components for its execution; modifications
Using BCI2000 in BCI Research 269 to the system only require the Borland C++ Builder environment. BCI2000 may be used at no cost for academic and educational purposes. Third, BCI2000 defines its own file format, and a generic concept of parameters and states, which encode configuration and run-time event information. The format’s versatility, and human readability of its file header, are most advantageous in large research programs that involve multi-site cooperation, or managing large amounts of recordings. 2.5 Getting Started with BCI2000 Getting started with BCI2000 first requires appropriate hardware. This consists of a computer system, recording equipment, and the BCI2000 software. The computer system may be standard desktop or a laptop computer running Windows. 1 The computer should come with a dedicated 3D-capable video card. For most experiments, it is advisable to use separate video screens for the experimenter and the subject. When using a desktop computer, this implies a two-monitor configuration; when using a laptop computer, a separate monitor for the subject, i.e., the BCI user. The recording equipment consists of an amplifier, a digitizer, and appropriate sensors. Today, many amplifiers come with an integrated digitizer. For example, this includes the g.tec TM amplifiers supported in the core distribution of BCI2000: the 16-channel g.USBamp that connects via USB, and the 8-channel g.MOBIlab+ that connects via Bluetooth. Many other EEG systems and digitizer boards are supported through additional Source modules that have been provided by BCI2000 users. Examples comprise EEG/ECoG systems by Tucker-Davis, Biosemi, Brainproducts (BrainAmp, V-Amp) and Neuroscan, as well as digitizer boards by National Instruments, Measurement Computing, and Data Translation. In most situations in humans, BCI systems will record from sensors placed on the scalp (electroencephalography (EEG)). EEG caps are usually offered in conjunction with amplifiers, or may be purchased separately. 3 Research Scenarios 3.1 BCI Classroom Teaching relevant aspects of brain–computer interfacing is important not only in teaching environments, but also when building or maintaining a BCI research laboratory. Much like students, research staff will need to be introduced into the field’s practical and theoretical aspects. While many important publications on BCI research 1 We have comprehensively tested BCI2000 on Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Windows XP. While BCI2000 functions well under Windows Vista, Vista’s timing performance, in particular with regards to audio and video output, is reduced compared to Windows XP.
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THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION
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Bernhard Graimann · Brendan Alliso
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Preface It’s an exciting time to
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Contents Brain-Computer Interfaces:
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Contributors Brendan Allison Instit
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Contributors xi Femke Nijboer Insti
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List of Abbreviations ADHD Attentio
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Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Gentle
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30 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay by b
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32 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 2 Br
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34 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Fig.
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36 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Sens
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38 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay pote
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40 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay EEG-
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42 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 29.
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48 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper F
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52 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper r
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54 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper 6
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56 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper B
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66 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller s
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68 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller 2
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70 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller F
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72 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller b
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74 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller E
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80 G. Pfurtscheller et al. mode, th
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82 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Therefor
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84 G. Pfurtscheller et al. A B C 1
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86 G. Pfurtscheller et al. filters
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88 G. Pfurtscheller et al. differen
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90 G. Pfurtscheller et al. In this
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92 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Fig. 8 P
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94 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 10. D. F
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96 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 51. G. P
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98 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 1 Three
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100 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 3 Two-
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102 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 5 Comp
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104 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 7 Mont
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106 E.W. Sellers et al. fixation wa
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108 E.W. Sellers et al. 5 SMR-Based
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110 E.W. Sellers et al. 22. D.J Kru
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Detecting Mental States by Machine
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138 Y. Wang et al. which has been e
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140 Y. Wang et al. After many studi
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142 Y. Wang et al. Left Hand Right
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144 Y. Wang et al. 0-degree 60-degr
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146 Y. Wang et al. 3.1.2 Stimulatio
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148 Y. Wang et al. Foot 1 0.5 Left
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150 Y. Wang et al. be summarized as
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152 Y. Wang et al. Fig. 10 A player
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154 Y. Wang et al. 22. Y. Wang, R.
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156 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng C A
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158 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 3 B
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160 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng pat
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162 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng Fig
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164 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng of
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166 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng Neu
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168 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 8.
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Non Invasive BCIs for Neuroprosthes
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Brain-Computer Interfaces for Commu
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204 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner mo
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206 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner el
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208 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner ac
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210 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner de
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212 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner Ma
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324 Y. Li et al. (ROC) analysis app
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326 Y. Li et al. Fig. 10 The stimul
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328 Y. Li et al. 6. M. Cheng, X. Ga
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330 Y. Li et al. 46. K. Crammer and
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332 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 1 Schem
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334 A. Schlögl et al. For the rect
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336 A. Schlögl et al. whereby T in
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338 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 2 State
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340 A. Schlögl et al. yk = a1 · y
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342 A. Schlögl et al. d{i}(x) = ((
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344 A. Schlögl et al. Accordingly,
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346 A. Schlögl et al. not exceed a
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350 A. Schlögl et al. Table 3 Aver
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352 A. Schlögl et al. The extended
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354 A. Schlögl et al. 24. N.G. Pfu
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs Brendan Z. A
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 359 BCI Chal
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 361 communic
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 363 facial m
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 365 The best
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 367 Across a
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 369 the ques
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 371 controll
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 373 controls
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 375 hair in
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 377 Table 1
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 379 conversa
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 381 may down
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 383 physicis
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 385 31. F.H.
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 387 67. G. S
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390 Index 65, 157, 163, 217, 221-23
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392 Index 208, 236, 243, 245, 260-2
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