Brainâ€“Computer Interfaces - Index of

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274 J. Mellinger and G. Schalk Fig. 8 A P300-Speller based patient communication system entering text into a word processor would begin by extending the existing speller system to recognize additional selection commands, and act upon them by sending appropriate device, or application, commands. In the present example, no software modification is necessary, since the standard P300 speller module is capable of sending information about letter selection to the same or another computer via UDP, where it may be picked up by any external program. Thus, to connect speller selections to a standard word processor, it is only necessary to create a small interfacing program that reads letter selections from the speller’s UDP port, and uses the operating system to send appropriate keypress events to the word processing application. Once basic functionality is established, one would wrap up BCI2000, the interfacing program, and the word processor into a larger system. This system will use a simplified user interface to be operated by nursing staff. The simplified user interface may request a user name at startup, and a very limited number of additional parameters. Once acquired, these parameters will then be concatenated with a user-specific parameter file that contains the actual BCI configuration. Then, the system will start up the word processor, the interfacing program, and BCI2000. Using operator module command line parameters, it will automatically load the temporarily created parameter file, and begin BCI operation. Once the user selects a “quit” command, BCI2000 will quit automatically. By configuring BCI2000 appropriately, it is possible to avoid all references to the BCI2000 user interface on the operator’s screen, and to only retain the application module’s user screen (i.e., the speller matrix). 3.4 Multi-Site Research Cooperation across multiple research sites requires agreement on standards regarding experimental design, documentation, data formats. Here, BCI2000 helps by
Using BCI2000 in BCI Research 275 providing such standards, and is versatile enough to accommodate a wide range of needs. Data files consist of a human-readable header that provides extensive documentation, and compact binary data in a single file. Unlike the numeric event coding present in other file formats (such as GDF), BCI2000 parameters and state variables (event markers) intentionally avoid a high level of formalization while enforcing the presence of all aspects of configuration and stimulus presentation in each single data file. A second important aspect of multi-site cooperation is deployment. Maintaining software installation and configurations on a central data storage connected to the Internet, and keeping these synchronized in an automated fashion, may greatly facilitate synchronization of experiments across sites and quality control, and will avoid duplication of maintenance effort (Fig. 9). Here, the advantage of BCI2000 is that its binary distribution consists of a single directory tree. Aside from hardware drivers for the data acquisition device, BCI2000 does not require any third-party components. Also, as there is no system-wide installation procedure required, installing or updating BCI2000 can be done without administrative privileges, simply by synchronizing with a reference installation. Finally, multi-site cooperation requires that all data be available for analysis by researchers at one or multiple sites. Because BCI2000 organizes its data into session directories, and includes comprehensive documentation of recordings that is present inside data files themselves, it is rather simple to centrally maintain a database of recordings by synchronizing with data directories that exist on measurement stations. In summary, the potential of BCI2000 in conjunction with a central data storage and synchronization allows for: deploying software and experimental setups to a Site X Reference synchronization synchronization Installation synchronization Experimental Design, Configuration Central Data Storage Recorded Data Data Analysis synchronization Site Y Fig. 9 Multi-site research data flow. On a central location, a BCI2000 reference installation is maintained, which contains experiment configuration as well. This installation is synchronized with measurement equipment located at a number of sites (equipment symbolized by laptop computers; exemplarily, two sites are depicted). Data recordings are synchronized back to the central storage, where all data are then available for analysis. Typically, synchronization will take place over Internet connections
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THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION
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Bernhard Graimann · Brendan Alliso
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Preface It’s an exciting time to
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Contents Brain-Computer Interfaces:
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Contributors Brendan Allison Instit
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Contributors xi Femke Nijboer Insti
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List of Abbreviations ADHD Attentio
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Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Gentle
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30 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay by b
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32 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 2 Br
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34 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Fig.
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36 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay Sens
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38 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay pote
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40 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay EEG-
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42 J.R. Wolpaw and C.B. Boulay 29.
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48 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper F
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52 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper r
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54 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper 6
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56 G. Pfurtscheller and C. Neuper B
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66 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller s
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68 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller 2
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70 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller F
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72 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller b
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74 C. Neuper and G. Pfurtscheller E
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80 G. Pfurtscheller et al. mode, th
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82 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Therefor
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84 G. Pfurtscheller et al. A B C 1
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86 G. Pfurtscheller et al. filters
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88 G. Pfurtscheller et al. differen
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90 G. Pfurtscheller et al. In this
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92 G. Pfurtscheller et al. Fig. 8 P
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94 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 10. D. F
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96 G. Pfurtscheller et al. 51. G. P
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98 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 1 Three
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100 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 3 Two-
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102 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 5 Comp
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104 E.W. Sellers et al. Fig. 7 Mont
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106 E.W. Sellers et al. fixation wa
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108 E.W. Sellers et al. 5 SMR-Based
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110 E.W. Sellers et al. 22. D.J Kru
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Detecting Mental States by Machine
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138 Y. Wang et al. which has been e
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140 Y. Wang et al. After many studi
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142 Y. Wang et al. Left Hand Right
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144 Y. Wang et al. 0-degree 60-degr
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146 Y. Wang et al. 3.1.2 Stimulatio
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148 Y. Wang et al. Foot 1 0.5 Left
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150 Y. Wang et al. be summarized as
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152 Y. Wang et al. Fig. 10 A player
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154 Y. Wang et al. 22. Y. Wang, R.
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156 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng C A
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158 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 3 B
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160 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng pat
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162 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng Fig
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164 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng of
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166 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng Neu
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168 N. Birbaumer and P. Sauseng 8.
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Non Invasive BCIs for Neuroprosthes
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Brain-Computer Interfaces for Commu
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204 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner mo
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206 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner el
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208 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner ac
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210 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner de
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212 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner Ma
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214 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner pe
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216 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner ev
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218 D.M. Taylor and M.E. Stetner fo
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BCIs Based on Signals from Between
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326 Y. Li et al. Fig. 10 The stimul
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328 Y. Li et al. 6. M. Cheng, X. Ga
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330 Y. Li et al. 46. K. Crammer and
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332 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 1 Schem
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334 A. Schlögl et al. For the rect
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336 A. Schlögl et al. whereby T in
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338 A. Schlögl et al. Fig. 2 State
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340 A. Schlögl et al. yk = a1 · y
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342 A. Schlögl et al. d{i}(x) = ((
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344 A. Schlögl et al. Accordingly,
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346 A. Schlögl et al. not exceed a
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348 A. Schlögl et al. Error [%] RL
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350 A. Schlögl et al. Table 3 Aver
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352 A. Schlögl et al. The extended
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354 A. Schlögl et al. 24. N.G. Pfu
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs Brendan Z. A
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 359 BCI Chal
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 361 communic
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 363 facial m
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 365 The best
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 367 Across a
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 369 the ques
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 371 controll
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 373 controls
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 375 hair in
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 377 Table 1
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 379 conversa
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 381 may down
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 383 physicis
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 385 31. F.H.
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 387 67. G. S
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390 Index 65, 157, 163, 217, 221-23
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392 Index 208, 236, 243, 245, 260-2
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