Brainâ€“Computer Interfaces - Index of

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Brain–Computer Interfaces: A Gentle Introduction 5 They are, as already described in the definitions above, direct artificial output channels from the brain. Unlike other human–computer interfaces, which require muscle activity, BCIs provide “non-muscular” communication. One of the most important reasons that this is significant is that current BCI systems aim to provide assistive devices for people with severe disabilities that can render people unable to perform physical movements. Radiation accidents like the one in the Star Trek episode described above are unlikely today, but some diseases can actually lead to the locked-in syndrome. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an example of such a disease. The exact cause of ALS is unknown, and there is no cure. ALS starts with muscle weakness and atrophy. Usually, all voluntary movement, such as walking, speaking, swallowing, and breathing, deteriorates over several years, and eventually is lost completely. The disease, however, does not affect cognitive functions or sensations. People can still see, hear, and understand what is happening around them, but cannot control their muscles. This is because ALS only affects special neurons, the large alpha motor neurons, which are an integral part of the motor pathways. Death is usually caused by failure of the respiratory muscles. Life-sustaining measures such as artificial respiration and artificial nutrition can considerably prolong the life expectancy. However, this leads to life in the lockedin state. Once the motor pathway is lost, any natural way of communication with the environment is lost as well. BCIs offer the only option for communication in such cases. More details about ALS and BCIs can be found in the chapters “Brain– Computer Interface in Neurorehabilitation” and “Brain–Computer Interfaces for Communication and Control in Locked-in Patients” of this book. So, a BCI is an artificial output channel, a direct interface from the brain to a computer or machine, which can accept voluntary commands directly from the brain without requiring physical movements. A technology that can listen to brain activity that can recognize and interpret the intent of the user? Doesn’t this sound like a mind reading machine? This misconception is quite common among BCI newcomers, and is presumably also stirred up by science fiction and poorly researched articles in popular media. In the following section, we explain the basic principles of BCI operation. It should become apparent that BCIs are not able to read the mind. 2 How Do BCIs Work? BCIs measure brain activity, process it, and produce control signals that reflect the user’s intent. To understand BCI operation better, one has to understand how brain activity can be measured and which brain signals can be utilized. In this chapter, we focus on the most important recording methods and brain signals. Chapter “Brain Signals for Brain–Computer Interfaces” of this book gives a much more detailed representation of these two topics.
6 B. Graimann et al. 2.1 Measuring Brain Activity (Without Surgery) Brain activity produces electrical and magnetic activity. Therefore, sensors can detect different types of changes in electrical or magnetic activity, at different times over different areas of the brain, to study brain activity. Most BCIs rely on electrical measures of brain activity, and rely on sensors placed over the head to measure this activity. Electroencephalography (EEG) refers to recording electrical activity from the scalp with electrodes. It is a very well established method, which has been used in clinical and research settings for decades. Figure 3 shows an EEG based BCI. EEG equipment is inexpensive, lightweight, and comparatively easy to apply. Temporal resolution, meaning the ability to detect changes within a certain time interval, is very good. However, the EEG is not without disadvantages: The spatial (topographic) resolution and the frequency range are limited. The EEG is susceptible to so-called artifacts, which are contaminations in the EEG caused by other electrical activities. Examples are bioelectrical activities caused by eye movements or eye blinks (electrooculographic activity, EOG) and from muscles (electromyographic activity, EMG) close to the recording sites. External electromagnetic sources such as the power line can also contaminate the EEG. Furthermore, although the EEG is not very technically demanding, the setup procedure can be cumbersome. To achieve adequate signal quality, the skin areas that are contacted by the electrodes have to be carefully prepared with special abrasive Fig. 3 A typical EEG based BCI consists of an electrode cap with electrodes, cables that transmit the signals from the electrodes to the biosignal amplifier, a device that converts the brain signals from analog to digital format, and a computer that processes the data as well as controls and often even runs the BCI application
Page 2 and 3: THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION
Page 4 and 5: Bernhard Graimann · Brendan Alliso
Page 6 and 7: Preface It’s an exciting time to
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Detecting Mental States by Machine
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Non Invasive BCIs for Neuroprosthes
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BCIs Based on Signals from Between
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs Brendan Z. A
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 359 BCI Chal
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 365 The best
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Toward Ubiquitous BCIs 387 67. G. S
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390 Index 65, 157, 163, 217, 221-23
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392 Index 208, 236, 243, 245, 260-2
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