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NOTES
Internationaleries 39
1. Harold Rosenberg, “The Fall of Paris,” Wrst published in Partisan Review
(1940). From Tradition of the New (London: Grove Press, 1962), 209–20.
2. Louis Althusser, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses,” in Lenin and
Philosophy, trans. Ben Brewster (London: Monthly Review Press, 1971), 135.
3. See Renato Poggioli’s discussion, The Theory of the Avant-garde (Cambridge,
Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968).
4. “La Chute de Paris” (unsigned article), Internationale Situationniste, no. 4 (June
1960), 7–9.
5. Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Helene Iswolsky (Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1984).
6. Ibid., 7.
7. “Les Methodes de détournement,” Les Levres Nues, no. 8 (1956). Trans.
“Methods of Détournement,” in Situationist International Anthology, ed. Ken Knabb
(Berkeley: Bureau of Public Secrets, 1981), 8.
8. The reference is to a famous analysis of the play element in human culture
by Dutch scholar Johan Huizinga (1872–1945), who has written about the crisis
in modern culture criticizing the modern, technologically egalitarian world for its
destruction of imagination and collectivity. Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study
of the Play-Element in Culture, trans. R. F. C. Hull (London: Routledge and K. Paul,
1949).
9. These references, attacks, and defenses testify to an ongoing fascination with
surrealism. See in particular Asger Jorn, Discours aux pingouins et autres ecrits (Paris:
École Nationale Supérieure des Béaux-Arts, 2001).
10. Asger Jorn, Lettres à plus jeune (Paris: L’Echoppe, 1998), 48.
11. See Serge Guilbaut’s ongoing work and analysis starting with How New York
Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War, trans.
Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1983); and Reconstructing
Modernism: Art in New York, Paris and Montreal 1945–65, ed. Guilbaut (Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press, 1990).
12. The term “cold war” was allegedly used for the Wrst time in the sixteenth
century in Spain to describe an intensive diplomatic exchange between belligerent
parties.
13. Eric Hobsbawm in his analysis of twentieth-century history thus qualiWes the
cold war, because of its long-reaching implications for a global population. Eric
Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991 (New York:
Pantheon, 1994), 225–57.
14. Prussian war strategist General Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831), who was
one of the Wrst theoreticians of modern warfare. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans.
J. J. Graham (London: Penguin, 1982), 101–231.
15. See for one of the Wrst and highly polemical Georges Bataille, “The Marshall
Plan,” in The Accursed Share: An Essay on General Economy, trans. Robert Hurley,
vol. 1, Consumption, (New York: Zone Books, 1988), 169–91. This essay was originally
published in French as La part maudite in 1949.
16. “Geopolitique de l’hibernation” (unsigned editorial), Internationale Situationniste,
no. 7 (April 1962). Trans. “Geopolitics of Hibernation,” in Situationist International
Anthology, ed. Knabb, 76–82.
17. See more in Alain Quemin, L’art contemporain international: Entre les institutions
et le marché (Nîmes: Éditions Jacqueline Chambon, 2002), 113–59; Raymonde