Changes in <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Extreme</strong>s and their Impacts on the Natural Physical EnvironmentChapter 3Mann, M.E., J.D. Woodruff, J.P. Donnelly, and Z. Zhang, 2009: Atlantic hurricanes andclimate over the past 1,500 years. Nature, 460, 880-883.Manson, G.K., and S.M. Solomon, 2007: Past and future forcing <strong>of</strong> Beaufort Seacoastal change. Atmosphere-Ocean, 45(2), 107-122.Manton, M.J., P.M. Della-Marta, M.R. Haylock, K.J. Hennessy, N. Nicholls, L.E.Chambers, D.A. Collins, G. Daw, A. Finet, D. Gunawan, K. Inape, H. Isobe, T.S.Kestin, P. Lefale, C.H. Leyu, T. Lwin, L. Maitrepierre, N. Ouprasitwong, C.M. Page,J. Pahalad, N. Plummer, M.J. Salinger, R. Suppiah, V.L. Tran, B. Trewin, I. Tibig, andD. Yee, 2001: Trends in extreme daily rainfall and temperature in Southeast Asiaand the South Pacific: 1961–1998. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Climatology, 21(3),269-284.Maraun, D., T.J. Osborn, and N.P. Gillet, 2008: United Kingdom daily precipitationintensity: improved early data, error estimates and an update from 2000 to2006. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Climatology, 28(6), 833-842.Maraun, D., F. Wetterhall, A.M. Ireson, R.E. Chandler, E.J. Kendon, M. Widmann, S.Brienen, H.W. Rust, T. Sauter, M. Themessl, V.K.C. Venema, K.P. Chun, C.M.Goodess, R.G. Jones, C. On<strong>of</strong>, M. Vrac, and I. Thiele-Eich, 2010: Precipitationdownscaling under climate change. Recent developments to bridge the gapbetween dynamical models and the end user. Reviews <strong>of</strong> Geophysics, 48,RG3003.Marcos, M., M.N. Tsimplis, and A.G.P. Shaw, 2009: Sea level extremes in southernEurope. Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research – Oceans, 114, C01007.Marengo, J.A., R. Jones, L.M. Alves, and M.C. Valverde, 2009a: Future change <strong>of</strong>temperature and precipitation extremes in South America as derived from thePRECIS regional climate modeling system. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Climatology,29(15), 2241-2255.Marengo, J.A., M. Rusticucci, O. Penalba, and M. Renom, 2009b: An intercomparison<strong>of</strong> observed and simulated extreme rainfall and temperature events during thelast half <strong>of</strong> the twentieth century: part 2: historical trends. Climatic Change,98(3-4), 509-529.Marengo, J.A., J. Tomasella, W. Soares, L. Alves, and C. Nobre, 2011: <strong>Extreme</strong> climaticevents in the Amazon basin. Theoretical and Applied Climatology,doi:10.1007/s00704-00011-00465-00701.Mariotti, A., N. Zeng, J.H. Yoon, V. Artale, A. Navarra, P. Alpert, and L.Z.X. Li, 2008:Mediterranean water cycle changes: transition to drier 21st century conditionsin observations and CMIP3 simulations. Environmental Research Letters, 3(4),044001.Marques, C., A. Rocha, and J. Corte-Real, 2011: Global diagnostic energetics <strong>of</strong> fivestate-<strong>of</strong>-the-art climate models. <strong>Climate</strong> Dynamics, 36(9-10), 1767-1794.Martin, J.H., and R.M. Gordon, 1988: Northeast Pacific iron distributions in relationto phytoplankton productivity. Deep-Sea Research Part A – OceanographicResearch Papers, 35(2), 177-196.Mastin, L.G., 1994: Explosive tephra emissions at Mount St. Helens, 1989–1991: Theviolent escape <strong>of</strong> magmatic gas following storms? Geological Society <strong>of</strong>America Bulletin, 106(2), 175-185.Mastrandrea, M.D., C.B. Field, T.F. Stocker, O. Edenh<strong>of</strong>er, K.L. Ebi, D.J. Frame, H. Held,E. Kriegler, K.J. Mach, P.R. Matschoss, G.-K. Plattner, G.W. Yohe, and F.W. Zwiers,2010: Guidance Note for Lead Authors <strong>of</strong> the <strong>IPCC</strong> Fifth Assessment Report onConsistent Treatment <strong>of</strong> Uncertainties. Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong>Change (<strong>IPCC</strong>), Geneva, Switzerland.Matthews, A.J., J. Barclay, S. Carn, G. Thompson, J. Alexander, R. Herd, and C.Williams, 2002: Rainfall-induced volcanic activity on Montserrat. GeophysicalResearch Letters, 29(13), 1644.Matulla, C., W. Schoener, H. Alexandersson, H. von Storch, and X.L. Wang, 2008:European storminess: late nineteenth century to present. <strong>Climate</strong> Dynamics,31(2-3), 125-130.Maue, R.N., 2009: Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclone activity. GeophysicalResearch Letters, 36, L05805.May, W., 2008: Potential future changes in the characteristics <strong>of</strong> daily precipitationin Europe simulated by the HIRHAM regional climate model. <strong>Climate</strong> Dynamics,30(6), 581-603.McCabe, G.J., and D.M. Wolock, 2002: A step increase in streamflow in theconterminous United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(24), 2185.McDonald, R., 2011: Understanding the impact <strong>of</strong> climate change on NorthernHemisphere extra-tropical cyclones. <strong>Climate</strong> Dynamics, 37(7-8), 1399-1425,doi:10.1007/s00382-00010-00916-x.McGranahan, G., D. Balk, and B. Anderson, 2007: The rising tide: assessing the risks<strong>of</strong> climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones.Environment and Urbanization, 19(1), 17-37.McGuire, B., 2010: Potential for a hazardous geospheric response to projected futureclimate changes. Philosophical Transactions <strong>of</strong> the Royal Society A, 368(1919),2317-2345.McInnes, K.L., K.J.E. Walsh, G.D. Hubbert, and T. Beer, 2003: Impact <strong>of</strong> sea-level riseand storm surges on a coastal community. Natural Hazards, 30(2), 187-207.McInnes, K.L., I. Macadam, and J.G. O’Grady, 2009a: The Effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>Climate</strong> Changeon <strong>Extreme</strong> Sea Levels along Victoria’s Coast. A Project Undertaken for theDepartment <strong>of</strong> Sustainability and Environment, Victoria as part <strong>of</strong> the ‘FutureCoasts’ Program. CSIRO, Victoria, Australia, 55 pp.McInnes, K.L., I. Macadam, G.D. Hubbert, and J.G. O’Grady, 2009b: A modellingapproach for estimating the frequency <strong>of</strong> sea level extremes and the impact <strong>of</strong>climate change in southeast Australia. Natural Hazards, 51(1), 115-137.McInnes, K.L., T.A. Erwin, and J.M. Bathols, 2011: Global <strong>Climate</strong> Model projectedchanges in 10 m wind speed and direction due to anthropogenic climatechange. Atmospheric Science Letters, doi:10.1002/asl.1341.McKee, T.B., N.J. Doesken, and J. Kleist, 1993: The relationship <strong>of</strong> drought frequencyand duration to time scales. In: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 8th Conference on AppliedClimatology, Anaheim, California, 17-22 Jan 1993, pp. 179-184.McKendry, I.G., K.B. Strawbridge, N.T. O’Neill, A.M. Macdonald, P.S.K. Liu, W.R.Leaitch, K.G. Anlauf, L. Jaegle, T.D. Fairlie, and D.L. Westphal, 2007: Trans-Pacifictransport <strong>of</strong> Saharan dust to western North America: A case study. Journal <strong>of</strong>Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 112, D01103.McVicar, T.R., T.G. Van Niel, L.T. Li, M.L. Roderick, D.P. Rayner, L. Ricciardulli, and R.J.Donohue, 2008: Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975-2006:Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysisoutput. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L20403.Mearns, L.O., W. Gutowski, R. Jones, R. Leung, S. McGinnis, A. Nunes, and Y. Qian,2009: A regional climate change assessment program for North America. EosTransactions (AGU), 90(36), 311.Meehl, G.A. and C. Tebaldi, 2004: More intense, more frequent, and longer lastingheat waves in the 21st century. Science, 305(5686 ), 994-997.Meehl, G.A., J.M. Arblaster, and C. Tebaldi, 2005: Understanding future patterns <strong>of</strong>increased precipitation intensity in climate model simulations. GeophysicalResearch Letters, 32, L18719.Meehl, G.A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. McAvaney, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.J. Stouffer,and K.E. Taylor, 2007a: The WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset – A new era inclimate change research. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the American Meteorological Society,88(9), 1383-1394.Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, W.D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A.T. Gaye, J.M. Gregory, A.Kitoh, R. Knutti, J.M. Murphy, A. Noda, S.C.B. Raper, I.G. Watterson, A.J. Weaver,and Z.C. Zhao, 2007b: Global climate projections. In: <strong>Climate</strong> Change 2007: ThePhysical Science Basis. Contribution <strong>of</strong> Working Group I to the FourthAssessment Report <strong>of</strong> the Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> Change[Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignorand H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and NewYork, NY, pp. 747-845.Meehl, G.A., J.M. Arblaster, and W.D. Collins, 2008: Effects <strong>of</strong> black carbon aerosolson the Indian monsoon. Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Climate</strong>, 21(12), 2869-2882.Meehl, G.A., J.M. Arblaster, K. Matthes, F. Sassi, and H. van Loon, 2009a: Amplifyingthe Pacific climate system response to a small 11-year solar cycle forcing.Science, 325(5944), 1114-1118.Meehl, G.A., A. Hu, and B.D. Santer, 2009b: The mid-1970s climate shift in the Pacificand the relative roles <strong>of</strong> forced versus inherent decadal variability. Journal <strong>of</strong><strong>Climate</strong>, 22(3), 780-792.Meehl, G.A., C. Tebaldi, G. Walton, D. Easterling, and L. McDaniel, 2009c: The relativeincrease <strong>of</strong> record high maximum temperatures compared to record lowminimum temperatures in the U.S. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L23701.218
Chapter 3Changes in <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>Extreme</strong>s and their Impacts on the Natural Physical EnvironmentMeinshausen, M., N. Meinshausen, W. Hare, S.C.B. Raper, K. Frieler, R. Knutti, D.J.Frame, and M.R. Allen, 2009: Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limitingglobal warming to 2°C. Nature, 458(7242), 1158-1162.Menendez, C.G., M. de Castro, J.P. Boulanger, A. D’On<strong>of</strong>rio, E. Sanchez, A.A.Sorensson, J. Blazquez, A. Elizalde, D. Jacob, H. Le Treut, Z.X. Li, M.N. Nunez, N.Pessacg, S. Pfeiffer, M. Rojas, A. Rolla, P. Samuelsson, S.A. Solman, and C.Teichmann, 2010: Downscaling extreme month-long anomalies in southernSouth America. Climatic Change, 98(3-4), 379-403.Menendez, M. and P.L. Woodworth, 2010: Changes in extreme high water levels basedon a quasi-global tide-gauge dataset. Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, 115, C10011.Menendez, M., F.J. Mendez, I.J. Losada, and N.E. Graham, 2008: Variability <strong>of</strong>extreme wave heights in the northeast Pacific Ocean based on buoymeasurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L22607.Menne, M.J., and C.N. Williams Jr., 2009: Homogenization <strong>of</strong> temperature series viapairwise comparisons. Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Climate</strong>, 22(7), 1700-1717.Merrifield, M.A., Y.L. Firing, and J.J. Marra, 2007: Annual climatologies <strong>of</strong> extremewater levels. In: Aha Hulikoa: <strong>Extreme</strong> <strong>Events</strong>. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the HawaiianWinter Workshop, University <strong>of</strong> Hawaii at Manoa, 23 -26 Jan 2007. SOEST,University <strong>of</strong> Hawaii, Manoa, HI, pp. 27-32.Miller, R., G. Schmidt, and D. Shindell, 2006: Forced annular variations in the 20thcentury Intergovernmental Panel on <strong>Climate</strong> Change Fourth Assessment Reportmodels. Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, 111, D18101.Mills, G.A., 2005: A re-examination <strong>of</strong> the synoptic and mesoscale meteorology <strong>of</strong>Ash Wednesday 1983. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 54(1), 35-55.Milly, P.C.D. and K.A. Dunne, 2011: Hydrologic adjustment <strong>of</strong> climate-model projections:The potential pitfall <strong>of</strong> potential evapotranspiration. Earth Interactions, 15(1), 1-14.Milly, P.C.D., R.T. Wetherald, K.A. Dunne, and T.L. Delworth, 2002: Increasing risk <strong>of</strong>great floods in a changing climate. Nature, 415(6871), 514-517.Mimura, N., 1999: Vulnerability <strong>of</strong> island countries in the South Pacific to sea levelrise and climate change. <strong>Climate</strong> Research, 12(2-3), 137-143.Min, S.-K., X. Zhang, and F. Zwiers, 2008: Human-induced arctic moistening. Science,320(5875), 518-520.Min, S.-K., X. Zhang, F.W. Zwiers, and G.C. Hegerl, 2011: Human contribution to moreintense precipitation extremes. Nature, 470(7334), 378-381.Min, S.K., and A. Hense, 2007: A Bayesian assessment <strong>of</strong> climate change usingmultimodel ensembles. Part II: Regional and seasonal mean surface temperatures.Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Climate</strong>, 20(12), 2769-2790.Mitrovica, J.X., M.E. Tamisiea, E.R. Ivins, L.L.A. Vermeersen, G.A. Milne, and K.Lambeck, 2010: Surface mass loading on a dynamic earth: complexity andcontamination in the geodetic analysis <strong>of</strong> global sea-level trends. In:Understanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability [Church, J.A., P.L. Woodworth, T.Aarup, and W.S. Wilson (eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, pp. 285-325.Moberg, A., P.D. Jones, D. Lister, A. Walther, M. Brunet, J. Jacobeit, L.V. Alexander, P.M.Della-Marta, J. Luterbacher, P. Yiou, D. Chen, A.M.G.K. Tank, O. Saladie, J. Sigro, E.Aguilar, H. Alexandersson, C. Almarza, I. Auer, M. Barriendos, M. Begert, H.Bergstroem, R. Boehm, C.J. Butler, J. Caesar, A. Drebs, D. Founda, F.-W. Gerstengarbe,G. Micela, M. Maugeri, H. Osterle, K. Pandzic, M. Petrakis, L. Srnec, R. Tolasz, H.Tuomenvirta, P.C. Werner, H. Linderholm, A. Philipp, H. Wanner, and E. Xoplaki, 2006:Indices for daily temperature and precipitation extremes in Europe analyzed for theperiod 1901-2000. Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 111, D22106.Moise, A.F., and R. Colman, 2009: Tropical Australia and the Australian Monsoon:general assessment and projected changes. In: 18th World IMACS Congress andMODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modellingand Simulation Society <strong>of</strong> Australia and New Zealand and InternationalAssociation for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, July 2009[Anderssen, R.S., R.D. Braddock, and L.T.H. Newham (eds.)]. pp. 2042-2048.Morgenstern, O., H. Akiyoshi, S. Bekki, P. Braesicke, N. Butchart, M.P. Chipperfield, D.Cugnet, M. Deushi, S.S. Dhomse, R.R. Garcia, A. Gettelman, N.P. Gillett, S.C.Hardiman, J. Jumelet, D.E. Kinnison, J.F. Lamarque, F. Lott, M. Marchand, M. Michou,T. Nakamura, D. Olivie, T. Peter, D. Plummer, J.A. Pyle, E. Rozanov, D. Saint-Martin,J.F. Scinocca, K. Shibata, M. Sigmond, D. Smale, H. Teyssedre, W. Tian, A. Voldoire,and Y. Yamashita, 2010: Anthropogenic forcing <strong>of</strong> the Northern Annular Mode inCCMVal-2 models. Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 115, D00M03.Mori, N., T. Yasuda, H. Mase, T. Tom, and Y. Oku, 2010: Projection <strong>of</strong> extreme waveclimate change under global warming. Hydrological Research Letters, 4, 15-19.Mudelsee, M., M. Borngen, G. Tetzlaff, and U. Grunewald, 2003: No upward trendsin the occurrence <strong>of</strong> extreme floods in central Europe. Nature, 425(6954),166-169.Muir-Wood, R., 2000: Deglaciation Seismotectonics: a principal influence on intraplateseismogenesis at high latitudes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19(14-15),1399-1411.Mullan, B., D. Wratt, S. Dean, M. Hollis, S. Allan, T. Williams, and G. Kenny, 2008:<strong>Climate</strong> Change Effects and Impacts Assessment: A Guidance Manual for LocalGovernment in New Zealand. 2nd ed. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington,New Zealand, 149 pp.Müller, W.A. and E. Roeckner, 2008: ENSO teleconnections in projections <strong>of</strong> futureclimate in ECHAM5/MPI-OM. <strong>Climate</strong> Dynamics, 31(5), 533-549.Murakami, H., B. Wang, and A. Kitoh, 2011: Future change <strong>of</strong> western North Pacifictyphoons: Projections by a 20-km-mesh global atmospheric model. Journal <strong>of</strong><strong>Climate</strong>, 24(4), 1154-1169.Murphy, J.M., B.B.B. Booth, M. Collins, G.R. Harris, D.M.H. Sexton, and M.J. Webb,2007: A methodology for probabilistic predictions <strong>of</strong> regional climate changefrom perturbed physics ensembles. Philosophical Transactions <strong>of</strong> the RoyalSociety A, 365(1857), 1993-2028.Murphy, J.M., D.M. Sexton, G.J. Jenkins, B.B.B. Booth, C.C. Brown, R.T. Clark, M.Collins, G.R. Harris, E.J. Kendon, R.A. Betts, S.J. Brown, K.A. Humphrey, M.P.McCarthy, R.E. McDonald, A. Stephens, C. Wallace, R. Warren, R. Wilby, and R.A.Wood, 2009: UK <strong>Climate</strong> Projections Science Report: <strong>Climate</strong> change projections.Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK.Nakaegawa, T. and W. Vergara, 2010: First projection <strong>of</strong> climatological mean riverdischarges in the Magdalena River Basin, Colombia, in a changing climate duringthe 21st century. Hydrological Research Letters, 4, 50-54.Nakamura, M., S. Kanada, Y. Wakazuki, C. Muroi, A. Hashimoto, T. Kato, A. Noda, M.Yoshizaki, and K. Yasunaga, 2008: Effects <strong>of</strong> global warming on heavy rainfallduring the Baiu season projected by a cloud-system-resolving model. Journal <strong>of</strong>Disaster Research, 3(1), 15-24.Nandintsetseg, B., J.S. Greene, and C.E. Goulden, 2007: Trends in extreme dailyprecipitation and temperature near lake Hövsgöl, Mongolia. InternationalJournal <strong>of</strong> Climatology, 27(3), 341-347.Narama, C., Y. Shimamura, D. Nakayama, and K. Abdrakhmatov, 2006: Recentchanges <strong>of</strong> glacier coverage in the western Terskey-Alatoo range, KyrgyzRepublic, using Corona and Landsat. Annals <strong>of</strong> Glaciology, 43(1), 223-229.National <strong>Climate</strong> Centre, 2009: The Exceptional January-February 2009 Heatwavein Southeastern Australia. Special <strong>Climate</strong> Statement 17 (www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs17d.<strong>pdf</strong>), Bureau <strong>of</strong> Meteorology, Melbourne,Australia.Neill, S.P., J.D. Scourse, G.R. Bigg, and K. Uehara, 2009: Changes in wave climate overthe northwest European shelf seas during the last 12,000 years. Journal <strong>of</strong>Geophysical Research – Oceans, 114, C06015.Neu, U., 2008: Is recent major hurricane activity normal? Nature, 451(7181), E5.New, M., B. Hewitson, D.B. Stephenson, A. Tsiga, A. Kruger, A. Manhique, B. Gomez,C.A.S. Coelho, D.N. Masisi, E. Kulunaga, E. Mbambalala, F. Adesina, H. Saleh, J.Kanyanga, J. Adosi, L. Bulane, L. Fortunata, M.L. Mdoka, and R. Lajoie, 2006:Evidence <strong>of</strong> trends in daily climate extremes over southern and west Africa.Journal <strong>of</strong> Geophysical Research, 111, D14102.Newhall, C.G. and R.S. Punongbayan (eds.), 1996: Fire and Mud: Eruptions andLahars <strong>of</strong> Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. University <strong>of</strong> Washington Press, Seattle,WA, 1126 pp.Niall, S. and K. Walsh, 2005: The impact <strong>of</strong> climate change on hailstorms insoutheastern Australia. International Journal <strong>of</strong> Climatology, 25(14), 1933-1952.Nicholls, N., 1995: Long-term climate monitoring and extreme events. ClimaticChange, 31(2-4), 231-245.Nicholls, N., 2008: Recent trends in the seasonal and temporal behaviour <strong>of</strong> the ElNiño Southern Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L19703.Nicholls, N., 2010: Local and remote causes <strong>of</strong> the southern Australian autumnwinterrainfall decline, 1958-2007. <strong>Climate</strong> Dynamics, 34(6), 835-845.219
- Page 1:
MANAGING THE RISKS OF EXTREMEEVENTS
- Page 5:
Managing the Risks of Extreme Event
- Page 9 and 10:
I Foreword and Preface
- Page 12 and 13:
Prefacein understanding and managin
- Page 17 and 18:
Summary for PolicymakersBox SPM.1 |
- Page 19 and 20:
Summary for PolicymakersB.or sub-na
- Page 21 and 22:
Summary for PolicymakersIt is likel
- Page 23:
Summary for Policymakersmicro-insur
- Page 27 and 28:
Summary for PolicymakersIt is very
- Page 29 and 30:
Summary for PolicymakersOther low-r
- Page 31 and 32:
Summary for PolicymakersTable SPM.1
- Page 33 and 34:
Summary for PolicymakersBox SPM.2 |
- Page 35:
III Chapters 1 to 9
- Page 38 and 39:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 40 and 41:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 42 and 43:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 44 and 45:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 46 and 47:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 48 and 49:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 50 and 51:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 52 and 53:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 54 and 55:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 56 and 57:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 58 and 59:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 60 and 61:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 62 and 63:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 64 and 65:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 66 and 67:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 68 and 69:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 70 and 71:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 72 and 73:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 74 and 75:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 76 and 77:
Climate Change: New Dimensions in D
- Page 78 and 79:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 80 and 81:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 82 and 83:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 84 and 85:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 86 and 87:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 88 and 89:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 90 and 91:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 92 and 93:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 94 and 95:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 96 and 97:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 98 and 99:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 100 and 101:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 102 and 103:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 104 and 105:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 106 and 107:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 108 and 109:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 110 and 111:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 112 and 113:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 114 and 115:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 116 and 117:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 118 and 119:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 120 and 121:
Determinants of Risk: Exposure and
- Page 122 and 123:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 124 and 125:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 126 and 127:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 128 and 129:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 130 and 131:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 132 and 133:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 134 and 135:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 136 and 137:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 138 and 139:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 140 and 141:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 142 and 143:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 144 and 145:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 146 and 147:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 148 and 149:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 150 and 151:
138much of the continental United S
- Page 152 and 153:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 154 and 155:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 156 and 157:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 158 and 159:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 160 and 161:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 162 and 163:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 164 and 165:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 166 and 167:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 168 and 169:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 170 and 171:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 172 and 173:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 174 and 175:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 176 and 177:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 178 and 179:
Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 180 and 181: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 182 and 183: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 184 and 185: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 186 and 187: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 188 and 189: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 190 and 191: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 192 and 193: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 194 and 195: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 196 and 197: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 198 and 199: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 200 and 201: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 202 and 203: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 204 and 205: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 206 and 207: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 208 and 209: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 210 and 211: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 212 and 213: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 214 and 215: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 216 and 217: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 218 and 219: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 220 and 221: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 222 and 223: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 224 and 225: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 226 and 227: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 228 and 229: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 232 and 233: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 234 and 235: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 236 and 237: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 238 and 239: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 240 and 241: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 242 and 243: Changes in Climate Extremes and the
- Page 244 and 245: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 246 and 247: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 248 and 249: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 250 and 251: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 252 and 253: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 254 and 255: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 256 and 257: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 258 and 259: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 260 and 261: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 262 and 263: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 264 and 265: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 266 and 267: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 268 and 269: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 270 and 271: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 272 and 273: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 274 and 275: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 276 and 277: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 278 and 279: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 280 and 281:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 282 and 283:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 284 and 285:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 286 and 287:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 288 and 289:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 290 and 291:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 292 and 293:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 294 and 295:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 296 and 297:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 298 and 299:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 300 and 301:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 302 and 303:
Changes in Impacts of Climate Extre
- Page 304 and 305:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 306 and 307:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 308 and 309:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 310 and 311:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 312 and 313:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 314 and 315:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 316 and 317:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 318 and 319:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 320 and 321:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 322 and 323:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 324 and 325:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 326 and 327:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 328 and 329:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 330 and 331:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 332 and 333:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 334 and 335:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 336 and 337:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 338 and 339:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 340 and 341:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 342 and 343:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 344 and 345:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 346 and 347:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 348 and 349:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 350 and 351:
Managing the Risks from Climate Ext
- Page 352 and 353:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 354 and 355:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 356 and 357:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 358 and 359:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 360 and 361:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 362 and 363:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 364 and 365:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 366 and 367:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 368 and 369:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 370 and 371:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 372 and 373:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 374 and 375:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 376 and 377:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 378 and 379:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 380 and 381:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 382 and 383:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 384 and 385:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 386 and 387:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 388 and 389:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 390 and 391:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 392 and 393:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 394 and 395:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 396 and 397:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 398 and 399:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 400 and 401:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 402 and 403:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 404 and 405:
National Systems for Managing the R
- Page 406 and 407:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 408 and 409:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 410 and 411:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 412 and 413:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 414 and 415:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 416 and 417:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 418 and 419:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 420 and 421:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 422 and 423:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 424 and 425:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 426 and 427:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 428 and 429:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 430 and 431:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 432 and 433:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 434 and 435:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 436 and 437:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 438 and 439:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 440 and 441:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 442 and 443:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 444 and 445:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 446 and 447:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 448 and 449:
Managing the Risks: International L
- Page 450 and 451:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 452 and 453:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 454 and 455:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 456 and 457:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 458 and 459:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 460 and 461:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 462 and 463:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 464 and 465:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 466 and 467:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 468 and 469:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 470 and 471:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 472 and 473:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 474 and 475:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 476 and 477:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 478 and 479:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 480 and 481:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 482 and 483:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 484 and 485:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 486 and 487:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 488 and 489:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 490 and 491:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 492 and 493:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 494 and 495:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 496 and 497:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 498 and 499:
Toward a Sustainable and Resilient
- Page 500 and 501:
Case StudiesChapter 9Table of Conte
- Page 502 and 503:
Case StudiesChapter 99.1. Introduct
- Page 504 and 505:
Case StudiesChapter 9••••
- Page 506 and 507:
Case StudiesChapter 99.2.1.2.3. Hea
- Page 508 and 509:
Case StudiesChapter 9preparedness c
- Page 510 and 511:
Case StudiesChapter 99.2.2.5. Outco
- Page 512 and 513:
Case StudiesChapter 9practices at b
- Page 514 and 515:
Case StudiesChapter 9to implement s
- Page 516 and 517:
Case StudiesChapter 9lined by the w
- Page 518 and 519:
Case StudiesChapter 94.5 million af
- Page 520 and 521:
Case StudiesChapter 9are typically
- Page 522 and 523:
Case StudiesChapter 9heightens vuln
- Page 524 and 525:
Case StudiesChapter 9multi-hazard r
- Page 526 and 527:
Case StudiesChapter 9Bank, 2005b).
- Page 528 and 529:
Case StudiesChapter 9Some federal-l
- Page 530 and 531:
Case StudiesChapter 9develop in a m
- Page 532 and 533:
Case StudiesChapter 9Most states ha
- Page 534 and 535:
Case StudiesChapter 9reduction legi
- Page 536 and 537:
Case StudiesChapter 9countries. Thr
- Page 538 and 539:
Case StudiesChapter 99.2.14. Educat
- Page 540 and 541:
Case StudiesChapter 9to be removed
- Page 542 and 543:
Case StudiesChapter 9can help to ad
- Page 544 and 545:
Case StudiesChapter 9CRED, 2009: EM
- Page 546 and 547:
Case StudiesChapter 9Hallegatte, S.
- Page 548 and 549:
Case StudiesChapter 9Linnerooth-Bay
- Page 550 and 551:
Case StudiesChapter 9O’Neill, M.S
- Page 552 and 553:
Case StudiesChapter 9Skaff, M. and
- Page 554 and 555:
Case StudiesChapter 9Visser, R. and
- Page 557 and 558:
ANNEXI Authors and Expert Reviewers
- Page 559 and 560:
Annex IAuthors and Expert Reviewers
- Page 561 and 562:
Annex IAuthors and Expert Reviewers
- Page 563 and 564:
Annex IAuthors and Expert Reviewers
- Page 565 and 566:
Annex IAuthors and Expert Reviewers
- Page 567 and 568:
ANNEXIIGlossary of TermsThis annex
- Page 569 and 570:
Annex IIGlossary of Termswater vapo
- Page 571 and 572:
Annex IIGlossary of Termsdrought, a
- Page 573 and 574:
Annex IIGlossary of TermsImpactsEff
- Page 575 and 576:
Annex IIGlossary of Termsforcing is
- Page 577 and 578:
ANNEXIIIAcronyms565
- Page 579 and 580:
Annex IIIAcronymsNAMNAONAPANaTechND
- Page 581 and 582:
ANNEXIVList of Major IPCC Reports56
- Page 583 and 584:
Annex IVList of Major IPCC ReportsC
- Page 585 and 586:
Index573
- Page 587 and 588:
Indexresilience building, 378touris
- Page 589 and 590:
IndexEM-DAT database, 364Emissions
- Page 591 and 592:
Indextransformation and, 324See als
- Page 593 and 594:
IndexRisk sharing, 10-11, 397, 523i