IPCC_Managing Risks of Extreme Events.pdf - Climate Access

Chapter 4Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human Systems and Ecosystems4.4.5.7. Landslides.........................................................................................................................................................................................2584.4.5.8. Snow.................................................................................................................................................................................................2584.4.6. North America ..................................................................................................................................................................2584.4.6.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................2584.4.6.2. Heat Waves.......................................................................................................................................................................................2584.4.6.3. Drought and Wildfire ........................................................................................................................................................................2594.4.6.4. Inland Flooding.................................................................................................................................................................................2594.4.6.5. Coastal Storms and Flooding............................................................................................................................................................2594.4.7. Oceania.............................................................................................................................................................................2604.4.7.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................2604.4.7.2. Temperature Extremes ......................................................................................................................................................................2604.4.7.3. Droughts...........................................................................................................................................................................................2604.4.7.4. Wildfire.............................................................................................................................................................................................2614.4.7.5. Intense Precipitation and Floods ......................................................................................................................................................2614.4.7.6. Storm Surges ....................................................................................................................................................................................2614.4.8. Open Oceans ....................................................................................................................................................................2614.4.9. Polar Regions ...................................................................................................................................................................2614.4.9.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................2614.4.9.2. Warming Cryosphere ........................................................................................................................................................................2624.4.9.3. Floods ...............................................................................................................................................................................................2624.4.9.4. Coastal Erosion.................................................................................................................................................................................2634.4.10. Small Island States...........................................................................................................................................................2634.5. Costs of Climate Extremes and Disasters ................................................................................2644.5.1. Framing the Costs of Extremes and Disasters .................................................................................................................2644.5.2. Extreme Events, Impacts, and Development....................................................................................................................2654.5.3. Methodologies for Evaluating Impact and Adaptation Costs of Extreme Events and Disasters....................................2664.5.3.1. Methods and Tools for Costing Impacts............................................................................................................................................2664.5.3.2. Methods and Tools for Evaluating the Costs of Adaptation..............................................................................................................2674.5.3.3. Attribution of Impacts to Climate Change: Observations and Limitations........................................................................................2684.5.4. Assessment of Impact Costs ............................................................................................................................................2694.5.4.1. Estimates of Global and Regional Costs of Disasters .......................................................................................................................2694.5.4.2. Potential Trends in Key Extreme Impacts ..........................................................................................................................................2714.5.5. Assessment of Adaptation Costs .....................................................................................................................................2734.5.6. Uncertainty in Assessing the Economic Costs of Extremes and Disasters ......................................................................274References ...............................................................................................................................................275233