IPCC_Managing Risks of Extreme Events.pdf - Climate Access

Indexresilience building, 378tourism impacts, 251, 251Case studies, 487-542synthesis of, 491-492, 529-530Caste/class, 454Catastrophic risk bonds, 419-420, 465Catchments[*], 41, 113, 177-178, 242Cayman Islands, 378Central America, 255-256disaster losses, 256drought, 172, 175hurricanes, 503, 504-505precipitation, 142, 145-146, 191, 196-197, 201temperature, 135, 139-140, 191, 196-197, 201Central Asia, 195Children, 314, 454, 455Chinaadaptation technologies, 415drought, 174floods, 254-255national disaster management, 374precipitation, 143sand/dust storms, 190temperature, 135tropical cyclones, 254vulnerability/exposure, 347-348wind, 150, 152Cholera, 316, 410, 507-510Circulation (Walker/Hadley), 149, 151, 154Cities, 248, 317, 460-461DRM/adaptation options, 353megacities, 294, 317, 510-512See also Urban areasCivil society organizations, 348, 404, 409-410Clausius-Clapeyron relationship[*], 126, 143-144Clean development mechanisms, 411, 413Climate[*]global mean, 121-122is it becoming more extreme? (FAQ), 124-125Climate change[*], 25-64, 444abrupt, 122attribution of impacts to, 9, 268-269changes in extremes and, 7, 111, 115, 127concepts/definitions, 30-37defined, 5, 29DRM and, 27-28, 37-39, 375-380, 376-377DRM challenges, 46-47Climate change adaptation. See AdaptationClimate Change Green Fund, 397Climate change mitigation. See MitigationClimate eventscategories of, 115disasters and, 115-118interactions of, 238-239, 239Climate extremes[*], 65-290changes in, 8-9, 109-230context, 4-7, 4costs of, 264-274definition and analysis, 5, 111, 116-117, 237factors and confidence in, 111-112, 120-121impacts on humans and ecosystems, 231-290impacts on physical environment, 8-9, 167-190indices of, 116-117, 125managing changing risks, 16-20methods and requirements, 122-133natural and socioeconomic systems, 237-239observed changes, 7-9, 111-112, 119-120, 133-152past experience with, 10-11phenomena related to, 119, 152-166projected changes, 11-16, 112-114, 119-120,133-152regional and global climate, 121-122regionally based impacts, 252-264unprecedented, 7, 111vulnerability/exposure and, 65-108, 239-264See also Extreme eventsClimate feedback[*], 112, 118-120Climate information, 421-422Climate models[*], 13, 112-113, 128-133, 147ensembles, 131-133modeling tools, 464planning approach, 350-351, 350See also ProjectionsClimate modes[*], 113, 155-158observed and projected changes, 15-16, 119uncertainty in projections of, 113See also El Niño-Southern OscillationClimate projections[*], 119-120Climate scenarios[*]. See ScenariosClimate services, 409, 422Climate variability, 7, 115, 155-158Coastal erosion, 113, 182-183, 185, 186Coastal floods, 259-260Coastal impacts, 182-186case study, 510-512DRM/adaptation options, 352exposure and, 249, 258extreme high water, 9, 15, 18, 113, 178, 182observed changes, 120, 183projected changes, 113, 120, 183-186regional impacts, 254-255, 256-257, 259-260, 263sea level and, 182, 183, 184, 185waves and, 180-182Coastal inundation, 18, 113, 182-183, 184-185,185, 248, 249Coastal settlements, 7-8, 235, 248, 249, 258, 460megacities (case study), 510-512Cold climate regions (case study), 514-517Cold days/cold nights[*], 8, 116, 134, 135, 137,138, 141regional projections, 191-202Cold spell, 134Collective action, 309-310, 309, 321Colombia, 519-522Communication, 302-304gaps, 425national systems, 349, 376of risk, 17, 67, 95, 294, 302-304, 303, 376technologies, 422-423Community-based adaptation, 295, 300, 321, 322Community-based DRM[*], 308-313Community-based DRR, 310, 321Community-based organizations, 348Complex Bayesian framework, 133Complex systems, 46, 48, 53Complexity, 27, 42-44, 53Compound events, 118Conference of the Parties (COP), 406Confidence[*], 8, 21, 112, 120-121, 132Conflict/warfare, 297Contingent credit, 523Contingent liabilities, 361, 361Cooperation, 401, 402Coordination (across scales and sectors), 342,356, 358-360, 360, 439international, 408-409national, 358-360, 360Copenhagen Accord, 408, 413Coping[*], 33, 50-56, 450-451dimensions of, 51local, 294, 298-301Coping capacity[*], 6-7, 51-53, 72-76, 73Coping range, 52-53Coral reefs, 185, 263Corporate social responsibility, 347Cost-benefit analysis, 267-268Costa Rica, 252Costs, 264-274adaptation costs, 264-265, 266-269, 273-274,273, 274assessment of, 269-274damage costs, 264direct costs, 264, 266, 317DRM costs, 317-319economic costs, 267evaluating (estimating), 236, 266-269financial costs, 267framing of, 264-265global and regional costs, 269-271, 270, 271, 272indirect costs, 264, 266, 317intangibles, 264, 266, 317investment costs, 267local DRM costs, 317-319methods for evaluating, 266-269observed increase in, 270-271, 271potential damage costs, 264regional costs, 256, 270, 270residual damage costs, 264top-down vs bottom-up approach, 266-267uncertainty and, 274Crop insurance, 524Cultural dimensions, 7, 84-85Cultural heritage loss, 317, 318, 319Cultural norms and values, 84-85, 309, 310-311Culture of safety, 362-366Cumulative impacts, 6-7, 38, 67, 69Customary law, 402Cyclones, 41, 158-166case study, 502-505extratropical[*], 119, 163-166economic losses, 272, 272observed changes, 163-166poleward shift of, 8, 164-166projected changes, 13, 272, 272tropical[*], 119, 150, 151, 158-163, 502-505economic losses, 235, 254, 271, 272exposure to, 240forecasting/warnings, 416-417impacts, 248observed changes, 159-161, 163projected changes, 13, 161-163, 271, 272regional impacts, 254DDams, 176, 304, 415Databases, 364, 415, 423-424, 464Debt, 93Decentralization, 28, 46, 312-313, 360, 464Decisionmaking, 67, 342decentralized, 28local, 305-306, 308, 310maps of, 325support tools, 463-466tradeoffs in, 448Definitions, 5See also GlossaryDeforestation, 238, 252, 446575