IPCC_Managing Risks of Extreme Events.pdf - Climate Access

Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human Systems and EcosystemsChapter 4analysis of potential and projected damages are limited to a few countries, infrastructure types, and sectors.[4.3.2, 4.3.5.2]Estimates of adaptation costs to climate change exhibit a large range and relate to different assessmentperiods. For 2030, the estimated global cost ranges from US$ 48 to 171 billion per year (in 2005 US$) with recentestimates for developing countries broadly amounting to the average of this range with annual costs of up to US$ 100billion. Confidence in individual estimates is low because the estimates are derived from only three relativelyindependent studies. These studies have not explicitly separated costs of adapting to changes in climate extremesfrom other climate change impacts, do not include costs incurred by all sectors, and are based on extrapolations ofbottom-up assessments and on top-down analysis lacking site-specificity. [4.5.3, 4.5.5, 4.5.6]236