IPCC_Managing Risks of Extreme Events.pdf - Climate Access

Glossary of TermsAnnex IImain tracks of extratropical disturbances occur as sequences of low(cyclonic) and high (anticyclonic) pressure systems.StreamflowWater flow within a river channel, for example, expressed in m 3 s -1 . Asynonym for river discharge.SubsidiarityThe principle that decisions of government (other things being equal) arebest made and implemented, if possible, at the lowest most decentralizedlevel closest to the citizen. Subsidiarity is designed to strengthenaccountability and reduce the dangers of making decisions in placesremote from their point of application. The principle does not necessarilylimit or constrain the action of higher orders of government, it merelycounsels against the unnecessary assumption of responsibilities at ahigher level.Surface temperatureSee Global surface temperature, Land surface air temperature, and Seasurface temperature.Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet their own needs.TranspirationThe evaporation of water vapor from the surfaces of leaves throughstomata.TransformationThe altering of fundamental attributes of a system (including valuesystems; regulatory, legislative, or bureaucratic regimes; financialinstitutions; and technological or biological systems).UncertaintyAn expression of the degree to which a value or relationship isunknown. Uncertainty can result from lack of information or fromdisagreement about what is known or even knowable. Uncertainty mayoriginate from many sources, such as quantifiable errors in the data,ambiguously defined concepts or terminology, or uncertain projectionsof human behavior. Uncertainty can therefore be represented byquantitative measures, for example, a range of values calculated byvarious models, or by qualitative statements, for example, reflecting thejudgment of a team of experts. See also Likelihood and Confidence.Urban heat islandThe relative warmth of a city compared with surrounding rural areas,associated with changes in runoff, the concrete jungle effects on heatretention, changes in surface albedo, changes in pollution and aerosols,and so on.VulnerabilityThe propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected.Warm days/warm nightsDays where maximum temperature, or nights where minimumtemperature, exceeds the 90th percentile, where the respectivetemperature distributions are generally defined with respect to the1961-1990 reference period.Warm spellA period of abnormally warm weather. Heat waves and warm spellshave various and in some cases overlapping definitions. See also Heatwave.Tropical cycloneThe general term for a strong, cyclonic-scale disturbance that originatesover tropical oceans. Distinguished from weaker systems (often namedtropical disturbances or depressions) by exceeding a threshold windspeed. A tropical storm is a tropical cyclone with one-minute averagesurface winds between 18 and 32 m s -1 . Beyond 32 m s -1 , a tropicalcyclone is called a hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone, depending ongeographic location.564