IPCC_Managing Risks of Extreme Events.pdf - Climate Access

Indexregional impacts, 259vulnerability, 82-84Heat waves[*]case study, 492-496ecosystem impacts, 244-246human impacts, 248, 251-252, 316observed changes, 8, 133, 134projected changes, 15, 114, 191-202regional impacts, 253, 256, 258-259Australia, 239, 496-498Europe, 19, 256, 257, 492-496regional projections, 191-202vulnerability to, 234High-income countries, 9, 234, 270, 343, 344, 347High-latitude changes, 189-190Holistic approaches, 379-380Honduras, 82, 314Housing options, 352-354Human development index, 266Human health. See Health and well-beingHuman rights, 401, 403, 447, 457Human rights law, 396, 401Human security[*], 293, 297-298, 440, 457-458Human settlements, 7-8, 247-251, 316-317coastal, 7-8, 235, 248, 249, 258, 460, 510-512informal, 237, 247, 460vulnerability/exposure, 234-235, 247-251vulnerability reduction, 368-370See also Cities; Urban areasHuman systems, impacts on, 231-290Humanitarian/disaster relief, 10, 293, 299-300, 452Humanitarian sector, research in, 468Hurricanes, 19, 181, 260economic losses, 19, 256, 260ecosystem impacts, 246Katrina, 9, 55, 158, 260, 308, 315, 457local response to, 297management/adaptation options, 19Mesoamerican (case study), 504-505storm surge, 158Hydroclimatic extremes, 41Hyogo Framework for Action, 398, 403-406national systems and, 341-342, 344Strategic Goals, 404IIce cover, 262Ice sheets, 179, 188Iceland, 191Impacts[*], 8-9, 16, 109-290, 441cascading, 399costs/economic losses, 234-236, 264-274cumulative, 6-7, 38, 67, 69databases, 364extreme, 6, 27, 41-44, 237extreme and non-extreme events, 6, 234global, 399, 441human systems and ecosystems, 16, 231-290international, 399local, 293management of, 373-375physical environment, 8-9, 119-120, 167-190projected, 11-16regionally-based, 252-264resistance to, 38sector-based, 235, 239-252social, 42-43system-based, 239-252trends in, 271-273, 272uncertainty and, 239vulnerability/exposure and, 10, 67, 234-235, 238-239, 271Impacts-first approach, 350-351, 350Incremental change, 20, 439, 442Index-based contracts, 323Indexes (indices), 92-93, 116-117, 125, 168-169Indiaadaptation technologies, 415floods, 254, 457wetlands, 370Indian Ocean, 181, 184cyclones, 503-504, 503tsunami (2004), 307, 457Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)[*], 157-158Indigenous peoples, 80-81, 82, 84-85, 298, 311-312Indirect losses, 264, 266Individual scale, 38, 39Indonesia, 359, 457, 526Inequalities, 10, 294, 313-317, 405, 447, 454Informal settlements, 237, 247, 460flash floods and, 18Information, 342, 356, 363-364, 365, 529access to, 82acquisition, 421-422international level support, 409, 421-425on scale/nature of events, 416sharing and dissemination, 422-425See also CommunicationInformation and communication technologies(ICT), 422-423Information gap, 409Infrastructure, 16, 248-250, 366-368adaptation costs, 412DRM/adaptation options, 353, 366-368education, 81-82permafrost and, 367, 515-517risk reduction, 304-306technology and, 447, 448tipping points, 366transport, 235, 248-249, 249, 250, 348vulnerability, 235Infrastructure thresholds, 366Innovation, 20, 294, 439, 447, 468, 469Institutional approaches, 464-465Institutional/governance dimensions, 85-86,294, 308-313Insurance[*], 294-295, 343, 371-373, 465, 523case study, 522-525crop insurance, 524distribution of, 343index-based/index-linked, 323international programs, 419-420local level, 322-323micro-insurance, 322-323, 420, 523, 524national systems, 343, 346, 360, 371-373regional pools, 372, 400, 419, 420, 523, 524-525Intangibles, 264, 266, 317, 446Integrated models, 131-133Integrated systems approach, 27, 38, 50Integrationacross scales, 17, 397, 426-427of DRM and adaptation, 11, 28, 50, 355-357,396-397, 425-427, 439, 450-454, 469-471international level, 396, 425-427short- and long-term responses, 450-454Intellectual property rights, 414, 448Interdependence, 10, 396, 399International Bill of Rights, 411International conventions, 402International Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR), 397, 403International development, 410International Disaster Response Law, 411International finance, 357, 397, 410-411International humanitarian law, 411International institutions, 348See also UNFCCC; UNISDRInternational instruments, 402-403International law, 396, 401-403, 411-412hard law, 401limits and constraints, 411-412soft law, 401, 402, 403-404International refugee law, 396, 402, 412International risk management, 393-435adaptation and, 396-397context, 398current actors, 408-411current governance and institutions, 403-411economic efficiency, 399-400finance, 17, 357, 397, 410-411, 412-414future policy and research, 425-426integration across scales, 426-427knowledge/information, 421-425options, constraints, and opportunities, 411-425rationale for, 398-403risk sharing and transfer, 418-421shared responsibility, 400-401subsidiarity, 401systemic risks, 399technology transfer and cooperation, 414-418International technical support, 409-410Irrigation, 448Island states. See Small island statesJJapandisaster risk reduction, 424precipitation, 148public awareness campaign, 528storm surge, 254waves, 182Judgments about risk, 45, 46-47Justice, 320See also EquityKKatrina (hurricane), 55, 158, 308, 457economic losses, 9, 260international impacts, 399recovery and reconstruction, 315Kenya, 360, 374Knowledge acquisition, 421-422Knowledge/information sharing, 422-425, 526-529Kyoto Protocol, 402, 403, 406, 411LLand use/land use change, 69, 238, 293Land use, land use change, and forestry(LULUCF), 370Land use planning, 306-307Landslides[*], 41, 114, 120, 187-189, 255regional impacts, 258Leadership, 469Learning, 27-29, 53-56, 439, 467-468humanitarian sector, 468‘learning by doing’, 378-379, 380learning loops, 53-54, 56578