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Travels with Baedeker
54. John Ruskin, “Mornings in Florence,” in E.T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn, The
Works of John Ruskin (London: George Allen, 1906), vol. 23, pp. 285–451, here esp. pp.
285–90. On the cultural impact of Ruskin’s work on Florence, especially on the British
travelers, see Pemble, Mediterranean Passion, esp. pp. 207–10.
55. Gustav Peyer, Geschichte des Reisens in der Schweiz: Eine culturgeschichtliche
Studie (Basel, 1885), p. 190.
56. On the number of books printed, see Jack Simmons, “Introduction,” Murray’s
Handbook for Travelers in Switzerland 1838 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1970),
p. 31. Bernard, Rush to the Alps, p. 95. This estimate of British middle-class travelers of
the Alps would be affected negatively by foreign tourists availing themselves of the
handbook, and positively by the Murray’s being obtained in used condition.
57. As a guide, 12d. (pennies) = 1s. (shilling); 20s. = £1 (pound); £1 1s. = 1 guinea.
58. On the creation of new and “authentic” cultural symbols through tourism in general,
see James Buzard, The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways to Culture,
1800–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), here p. 10. Ian Ousby, The Englishman’s England:
Taste, Travel and the Rise of Tourism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
59. This confirms the important argument made in the German context by Koshar,
“‘What ought to be seen’,” p. 332–3.
60. H.C.G. Matthew, Gladstone 1809–1874 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991),
pp. 129–4.
61. W. Fraser Rae, The Business of Travel: A Fifty Years’ Record of Progress (London:
Thomas Cook and Son, 1891), pp. 33–40.
62. On guidebooks for domestic British travel, see John Gretton, Essays in Book-
Collecting (Dereham, Norfolk: Dereham Books, 1985), pp. 20–5.
63. Another way of putting this is that travel and the guidebook encouraged the
differentiation between mainland Britain, on the one hand, and Ireland, on the other. An
excellent summary of debates about “Britishness” is in Hoppen, Mid-Victorian Generation,
pp. 513–20.
64. Withey, Grand Tours, pp. 145, 158.
65. Jane Robinson, Wayward Women: A Guide to Women Travelers (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1990), p. 117. This bibliography is a testament to the breadth of experience
acquired by independent female travelers before 1914, and an excellent starting-point for
further study in this area.
66. For a contrasting argument which emphasizes that the Murray’s was an instrument
to confirm and strengthen a masculine definition of English culture, and thus subjected
women further, see Inderpal Grewal, Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire, and the
Cultures of Travel (London: Leicester University Press, 1996), pp. 103–4.
67. Mary Lutyens, Young Mrs. Ruskin in Venice: Her Picture of Society and Life with
John Ruskin 1849–1852 (London: John Murray, 1965), p. 73 (Venice, November 19, 1849).
For further evidence of Effie Ruskin’s use of the Murray’s, see also pp. 89 and 134.
68. Clegg, Ruskin and Venice, p. 76; Links, The Ruskins, p. 37.
69. George Eliot, Middlemarch (Oxford: Oxford World Classics, 1996), p. 190.
70. Holworthy, Alpine Scrambles, p. 104.
71. In general, on the changing roles of women in marriage see Shani D’Cruze, “Women
and the Family,” in June Purvis (ed.) Women’s History: Britain, 1850–1945 (London: UCL
Press, 1995), pp. 51–83, esp. p. 75.
72. On the difficulty of maintaining the social exclusivity of English resorts, see J.
Christopher Holloway, The Business of Tourism, 4th edn (London: Pitman, 1994), pp. 21–2.
73. Pimlott, Englishman’s Holiday, pp. 90–120; Pemble, Mediterranean Passion, p. 3.
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