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Leisure, Politics, and Consumption of Tobacco
Medical History 24 (1980), pp. 391–402; M. Hilton and S. Nightingale, “‘A Microbe of
the Devil’s Own Make’: Religion and Science in the British Anti-tobacco Movement, 1853–
1908,” in S. Lock, L.A. Reynolds, and E.M. Tansey (eds), Ashes to Ashes: The History of
Smoking and Health (London: Rodopi, 1998), pp. 41–77.
7. M. Spring Rice, Working-class Wives: Their Health and Conditions (1939; London:
Virago, 1981); E. Green, S. Hebron, and D. Woodward, Women’s Leisure, What Leisure?
(London: Macmillan, 1990); E. Wimbush and M. Talbot (eds), Relative Freedoms: Women
and Leisure (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1988); R. Deem, All Work and No
Play? A Study of Women and Leisure (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986).
8. V. de Grazia and E. Furlough (eds), The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in
Historical Perspective (London: University of California Press, 1996); S. Strasser, C.
McGovern, and M. Judt (eds), Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer
Societies in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); M.
Hilton and M. Daunton (eds), The Politics of Consumption: Material Culture and Citizenship
in Europe and America (Oxford: Berg, 2001).
9. For a fuller account of this argument see M. Hilton, Smoking in British Popular
Culture, 1800–2000 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000).
10. M. Brickley, A. Miles, and H. Stainer, The Cross Bones Burial Ground: Redcross
Way, Southwark, London (London: Museum of London, 1999), p. 66.
11. P. Mérimée, Carmen (London: Paul Elek, 1960); R. Klein, “The Devil in Carmen,”
Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 5, 1 (1993), pp. 51–72; Ouida, Under
Two Flags (1867; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); D. Mitchell, “The So Called
‘New Woman’ as Prometheus: Women Artists Depict Women Smoking,” Women’s Art
Journal 12, 1 (1991), pp. 3–9; D. Mitchell, “Images of Exotic Women in Turn-of-thecentury
Tobacco Art,” Feminist Studies 18, 2 (1992), pp. 327–30; E.M. Forster, Howards
End (1910; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1941); M. Koetzle and U. Scheid, Feu d’Amour
(Seductive Smoke) (Cologne: Taschen, 1994); John Johnson Collection (hereafter J. J.),
Bodleian Library, Oxford, M.L. Horn and B.R. Lillington Cigarette Card Collections.
12. L. Linton, “The Girl of the Period,” from The Girl of the Period and Other Essays,
vol. I (1883), reprinted in J. Gardner (ed.), The New Woman: Women’s Voices, 1880–1914
(London: Collins and Brown, 1993), pp. 55–60; L. Linton, “The Wild Women (Part I): As
Politicians,” Nineteenth Century 30 (July 1891), p. 80; L. Linton, “The Wild Women (Part
II: Conclusion): As Social Insurgents,” Nineteenth Century 30 (October 1891), pp. 596–
605; article in Girl’s Own Paper, reprinted in Tobacco Trade Review (hereafter TTR) 31,
370 (October 1898), p. 454; L. Linton, “The Partisans of the Wild Women,” Nineteenth
Century 31 (March 1892), p. 460; Mrs Ester, “ ‘Between Ourselves,’ a Friendly Chat with
the Girls,” The Young Woman 3 (1895), p. 106; R. Pember Reeves, The Ascent of Woman
(London: John Lane, 1896), p. 58; J.D. Hunting, “Women and Tobacco,” National Review
14 (1889), pp. 218–28; Daily Mail (April 16, 1899), p. 11; C. Campbell, “A Plea for
Tobacco,” English Illustrated Magazine 11 (1894), pp. 81–4.
13. TTR 26, 301 (January 1893), pp. 2–3; TTR 31, 364 (April 1898), pp. 163–4; Tit-
Bits 568 (September 3, 1892), p. ii; TTR 30, 353 (May 1897), p. 225; TTR 32, 374 (February
1899), p. 45; TTR 31, 363 (March 1898), p. 139; Tobacco Weekly Journal 1, 12 (November
1898), p. 177; The Smoker 1, 14 (April 1892), p. 209.
14. Gardner, New Woman; G. Cunningham, The New Woman and the Victorian Novel
(London: Macmillan, 1978); D. Richardson, Pilgrimage (London: Dent, 1967).
15. E. Roberts, Social Life in Barrow, Lancaster and Preston, 1870–1930 (oral
transcripts held at Lancaster University Library), Mr. B.1.B, p. 76; Mr. H.1.L., p. 18; Mr.
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