Untitled

Jan Palmowski
74. Karl Baedeker, Paris and its Environs, 4th edn (Coblenz, 1874).
75. Croft, “Nature and Growth,” p. 265.
76. Rae, Business of Travel, p. 90.
77. For the exhibitions of 1867, 1878, 1889 and 1900, travel on the inexpensive
Newhaven–Dieppe route increased by an average of 127 percent: Bernard, “Statistique,”
p. 235.
78. Hoppen, Mid-Victorian Generation, pp. 78–9. On the growth of real incomes, see
Charles Feinstein, “A New Look at the Cost of Living,” in James Foreman-Peck (ed.), New
Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1991), pp. 151–79.
79. Henry S. Lunn, Where to Spend the Summer Holidays (London, 1900). Even before
the advent of this travel boom set in, Charles Dickens, for one, was very fond of “his”
watering place, Boulogne. Charles Dickens, “Our French Watering-Place,” in Dickens,
Uncommercial Traveler, pp. 400–12.
80. Cook’s Popular Tours to Italy and Switzerland (London, Easter 1899), pp. 12–15.
81. Croft, “Nature and Growth,” p. 128; Bernard, “Statistique,” p. 234. One estimate
suggests that in 1913, more than 750,000 return journeys to the European continent were
made by British subjects: F.W. Ogilvie, The Tourist Movement (London: P.S. King and Son,
1933), p. 92.
82. Oustric, Port de Boulogne, pp. 187–8, 257–8. In 1885, a day trip by steamer from
London to Boulogne, and back via Folkestone, cost 10s. Travel, August 8, 1885.
83. On the development of luxury travel, see Withey, Grand Tours, ch. 6; Pemble,
Mediterranean Passion, p. 26; Brendon, Thomas Cook, pp. 227–32; Holloway, Business
of Tourism, p. 22; Bernard, Rush to the Alps, pp. 108–11; Henry Lunn, Cruises and Tours
for Etonians, Harrovians and Other Public School Men (London, 1903).
84. Compare, for instance, the enormous differences in price for very similar journeys
between Gaze’s High-Class Conducted Tours (London, May 1899) and Gaze’s Programme
of Cheap Conducted Tours (London, May 1899).
85. For an argument about the importance of class differentials in travel, see also Peter
Bailey, Leisure and Class in Victorian England. Rational Recreation and the Contest for
Control, 1830–1885 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978).
86. Rae, Business of Travel, p. 169.
87. Henry Gaze, Paris. How to See it for Five Guineas (London, 1867). Henry Gaze,
How to See Paris, 28th edn (1902).
88. Baedeker’s guide to Northern France, published in 1889, devoted two pages to
Calais, and four to Boulogne.
89. By 1884, Baedeker’s section on the Louvre had expanded to 65 pages, and in the
1904 edition it reached 75 pages. Adam and Charles Black concentrated on the Scottish
and then British domestic travel market for their low-budget guidebooks, but exploited the
popular demand for budget guidebooks during the Great Exhibitions by publishing a guide
to Paris, for 1s., in 1867, 1787, 1889, 1900, and 1907. The later editions were largely based
on Black’s Guide to Paris and the Exhibition of 1867, ed. by David Thomas (Edinburgh,
1867).
90. Gaze, Paris (1867), pp. 67–8.
91. Gretton, Essays in Book-Collecting, p. 16.
92. Coolidge, Swiss Travel, pp. 115–6.
93. Pemble, Mediterranean Passion, pp. 70–2. Coolidge, Swiss Travel, p. 76.
94. Pall Mall Gazette (August 30, 1889), p. 2.
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