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❑ Use water-booster pumps.Use packaged pumping systems with staged pump operation to better serve part-loadflow conditions, such as after hours. Systems can include a pressurized tank to furtherreduce pump cycling and improve efficiency.❑ Prepare an efficient plumbing system layout.Prepare an efficient design for the layout of pumping and piping distribution, including:– Simple, short piping runs with minimum offsets and pressure control stations;– Stacking of water services in multi-story buildings;– Gravity flow of effluent from buildings without mechanical sump pumps; and– Calculation of minimum pressure requirements for distribution and booster pumpsif necessary.Utility Company Rebates and Assistance★ S I G N I F I CA N C E .Over the past decade, utility companies across the country have developed both technicaland financial programs to help their customers understand and implement energy-efficiencymeasures. These programs have garnered substantial customer awareness andresponse. With deregulation however, the utility industry is now beginning a radicalrestructuring of customer-service access that is expected to change the nature of utilityinvolvement in promoting energy efficiency.The industry now considers energy-efficiency issues for buildings under the broader conceptof demand-side management (DSM), which encompasses all methods available tocustomers to reduce, modify, or control the use of energy. Utilities first became interestedin DSM issues because of their desire to control peak utility supply requirements or toshift energy service to time periods most beneficial to their generation or transmissionsystems. Interest in actually reducing customer energy use came only after public utilitycommissions (PUCs), which regulate investor-owned utilities, identified the need to initiatemore aggressive programs. By giving the utilities an economic return on efficiencyinvestments, the PUCs developed the financial mechanism to reward utilities for promotingefficiency gains. In turn, the utilities have marketed energy efficiency to customersand created programs that offer incentives to install efficient systems.The future of DSM programs will be driven by the future of utility deregulation, althoughthe direction of change is uncertain. Deregulation effects power generation and distributionas well as energy costs. “Retail wheeling,” an element of deregulation, allows the customerto negotiate with competing utilities to obtain service and select the mosteconomical alternative regardless of geographical location. The loss of customers by alocal utility could result in higher rates for remaining customers.. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECKLISTi❑ Obtain input from utilities early in the design process.The design team should meet with the designated account representative to learn aboutcurrent and future design and financial incentive programs, including rebates or loans.❑ Seek out utility resources and design assistance.Some utility companies have recognized that additional assistance in the form of educationalor technical offerings can be valuable to both the building owner and designprofessional. Offerings may include:– Early project review by a utility-sponsored design group to solicit ideas on daylightingcontributions and reduced HVAC requirements and to involve the group in creationof computer-based energy models for the project;
– Energy learning centers with classroom and library facilities; and– <strong>Technical</strong> seminars on specific issues provided for general information.❑ Institute rebate documentation and verification measures with utility.Verification of system performance at construction completion may be needed formore complex efficiency measures or custom rebate applications. Utilities are interestedin seeing that design-efficiency objectives are realized in operation and are beginningto offer rebate incentives for building commissioning.❑ Assess the impact of deregulation.Track current energy use and estimate the potential exposure to energy cost increases.Project any plans for building expansion and related modifications and their anticipatedenergy usage; consider energy-efficiency options as an alternative to increasedsupply needs.➜ R E S O U R C E SIAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. H V A CApplications. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 1995.______. HVAC Systems and Equipment . Atlanta: ASHRAE, 1992.______. Fundamentals. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 1993.______. Refrigeration. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 1994.Series of technical handbooks considered the most comprehensive HVAC referenceavailable. These handbooks introduce design issues and provide extensive technicaldocumentation for engineering purposes. ASHRAE is responsible for the developmentof practice standards for specific issues such as ventilation and energy. ASHRAE alsopublishes a monthly journal, which includes technical articles on a variety of topics,including energy efficiency.Bobenhausen, William. Simplified Design of HVAC Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 1994.Fink, Donald G., and H. Wayne Beaty, eds. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. 13thed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993. A general reference document for electrical systemdesign.Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. IES Recommended Practice for LightingOffices Containing Computer Visual Display Terminals. RP-24. New York: I l l u m i n a t i n gEngineering Society of North America, 1989.______. IES Recommended Practice of Daylighting. RP-5. New York: Illuminating Engineerin g Society of North America, 1979.Part of a series of technical handbooks and other references that are essential in theunderstanding of natural and artificial lighting systems. They are published by theleading professional society for lighting design.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Electric Power Systems in Commercial <strong>Building</strong>s—Grey Book. IEEE Standard 241-1990. New York: Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers, 1991. A general reference in the design of electrical power distribution.Lovins, Amory B., Brady Bancroft, Michael Shepard, and Robert Bishop. State of the Art:Water Heating. Snowmass, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1991. An excellentresource for energy-efficient design, including background on efficiency issues and discussionof potential future developments across the spectrum of commercial/institutionalenergy use issues.Lovins, Amory B., David Houghton, Robert Bishop, Bristol L. Stickney, James Newcomb,Michael Shepard, and Bradley Davids. State of the Art: Space Cooling and Air Handling.Snowmass, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1992.Lovins, Amory B., Joel Neymark, Ted Flanigan, Patrick Kiernan, Brady Bancroft, andMichael Shepard. State of the Art: Drivepower. Snowmass, Colo.: Rocky MountainInstitute, 1989.
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
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CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
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ology avoids false precision by col
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non-dominant alternatives within al
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BEES will accommodate different lev
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CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
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Environmental design guidelines, al
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the project. The building program s
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cise can produce valuable informati
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By December 1994, the city’s Depa
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PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
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The use, scale, and structural syst
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RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
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❑ Identify alternative site desig
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Building and Site Orientation (see
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CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
Page 87 and 88: SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
Page 89 and 90: Passive building design starts with
Page 91 and 92: Daylighting requires the correct pl
Page 93 and 94: - Determine the optimal effective a
Page 95 and 96: controlled by the reflectivity of t
Page 97 and 98: installations require diffuse glazi
Page 99 and 100: ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
Page 101 and 102: shading coefficient. A luminous eff
Page 103 and 104: 8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
Page 105 and 106: Decisions about construction detail
Page 107 and 108: ❑ Select the proper glazing for w
Page 109 and 110: guidelines, examples, and reference
Page 111 and 112: Thermal mass and energy storage are
Page 113 and 114: ❑ Consider other cooling strategi
Page 115 and 116: Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
Page 117 and 118: from the storage tank, or by flushi
Page 119 and 120: P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
Page 121 and 122: Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
Page 123 and 124: SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
Page 125 and 126: After the energy crisis, design and
Page 127 and 128: ❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
Page 129 and 130: ❑ Consider thermal energy storage
Page 131 and 132: ❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
Page 133 and 134: ❑ Match the quality of light to t
Page 135 and 136: Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
Page 137: Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
Page 141 and 142: .N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
Page 143 and 144: These organisms can affect occupant
Page 145 and 146: Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
Page 147 and 148: 3. International Agency on Research
Page 149 and 150: - Clean air shafts, occupied areas
Page 151 and 152: educe the exposure of the interior
Page 153 and 154: ❑ Develop and provide the buildin
Page 155 and 156: CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
Page 157 and 158: RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
Page 159 and 160: ❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
Page 161 and 162: CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
Page 163 and 164: EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
Page 165 and 166: the successful completion of each p
Page 167 and 168: .I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
Page 169 and 170: Much has been written and a great d
Page 171: LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
Page 174 and 175: BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
Page 176 and 177: ■ The inventory of input material
Page 178 and 179: CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
Page 180 and 181: can be extreme. However, in a hot,
Page 182 and 183: (Refer to the “Environmental Impa
Page 184 and 185: ❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
Page 186 and 187: ❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
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HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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tractors the option of using multip
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PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
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CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
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Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
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While renovation often provides an
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tions. Will be of interest to those
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5.Develop procedures to address acc
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❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
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❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
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➤The Environmental and Conservati
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PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
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Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
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Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
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A unique feature of the installatio
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Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
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Product CertificationSeveral entiti
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ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
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The systems module simulates the op
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City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
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Studies have indicated that increas
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Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
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Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
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Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
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the “Primary output” of the pre
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Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
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to building owners, designers, and
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Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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