Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Etn-presco.net

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The purchase and maintenance of all required equipment and distribution systems isincluded in the scope of the vendor’s service. The vendor is also responsible for paymentof all associated utility bills, thus having an incentive to integrate energy-efficiency measuresto achieve lower costs. The consumer of the service benefits by being able to incorporatefixed annual payments in its budgets, and by reducing the risk associated withfluctuating utility rates (see Chapter 24, “Local Government Financing”).Telecommuting and “Virtual Offices”The development of mixed-use communities incorporating work-home options is animportant new concept for the building industry. With the expansion of telecommunicationscapabilities, the option of working at home either on a full- or part-time basis hasbecome a viable and compelling option. In 1994, full-time telecommuters reached 9.1million in the United States, up 20 percent from 1993. 16 Increasing application of thisnew trend will the impact of commercial buildings and the requisite infrastructure onemployers and local government resources. Resulting building square-footage reductionsshould also occur, allowing organizations to lower their capital expenditures, while maximizingtheir usage of workspace.The benefits to employees of telecommuting are many. By working at home, employeesare able to cut down on commuting time. Economic savings result from lower gasolineand auto maintenance costs, in addition to the associated personal time savings and benefits.For the concept to take hold, however, employers will have to develop new ways ofevaluating employee performance.Larger-scale national patterns of telecommuting on office-building design could result is anew definition of the use and need for buildings. By eliminating the requirement foremployees to commute to work to perform typical office functions, the result is an entirelydifferent office-building layout. Workers might come to the site to attend meetings or discussprojects, which would influence office design to enhance networking and conferencing.Private offices assigned to one employee would rarely be needed. Shared offices, or thenew concept of “hoteling” (temporarily assigning) work spaces, could become the norm.Natural Disasters, Property Insurance, andGreen BuildingsSince 1986, the insurance industry has paid approximately $68 billion in catastrophelosses associated with natural disasters. The losses are primarily due to wind-related perils,such as hurricanes, tropical storms and tornadoes (representing 70 percent of thetotal losses), as well as earthquakes and fires. Hurricane Andrew in the Southeast UnitedStates in 1992 and the Northridge earthquake in California in 1994 resulted in losses ofbillions of dollars. In 1994, the second-worst year on record, losses totaled $13 billion.Much of the nation’s population growth is occurring in coastal areas where there isgreater risk of hurricanes and other wind perils. Experts have predicted a rise in sea levelover the ensuing decades. Significant coastal erosion is already occurring, affecting propertiesinsured at an estimated $3 trillion in the Atlantic and Gulf regions alone. 17New practices to mitigate future losses to the insurance industry are being advocated primarilydue to the leadership of DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Insurance Institute for Property LossReduction (an insurance industry association), and the Electric Power Research Institute’s(EPRI’s) Disaster Recovery Business Alliance. An insurance industry study sponsored byEPRI examines types of electric power-related losses after natural disasters. It identifiestechnologies that could mitigate loss and enhance recovery. In certain regions, for example,renewable energy could serve as an uninterruptible back-up system for power users,including communications systems, buildings, and equipment. 18
Studies have indicated that increased global warming trends may be linked to theincrease in natural disasters. There is growing support within the insurance industry foran increase in energy-efficient practices that could help reduce greenhouse gases. Theinsurance industry is also advocating disaster-resilient and environmentally sound constructionmethods.The financial impacts of natural disasters dwarf many other risks associated with buildings,such as poor indoor air quality. Building insurers, local governments, and buildingowners will benefit from an investigation of green building practices that minimize therisk of future disasters through careful consideration of siting, materials, and design factors.Reviewing building economics on a life-cycle basis should include a considerationof these increased natural-disaster risks, especially in high-risk areas such as coastal communitiesand earthquake-prone sections of the United States.IN OT E SI1 Building Research Establishment, BREEAM/New Offices, Version 1/93, An Environmental Assessment for NewOffice Designs (Garston, Watford, United Kingdom: Building Research Establishment, 1993).2 Raymond J. Cole, “Building Environmental Performance Assessment Criteria, BEPAC”, U.S. Green BuildingConference-1994, National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 863 (Gaithersburg, Md.:National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994).3 This information was derived from the Global Standards Network (GSN). The GSN service is developed andmanaged by the Global Environment and Technology Foundation and can be found on the World Wide Webat www.gnet.org in the Government Center.4 U.S. Green Building Council, “Green Building Rating Systems—Draft Recommendations for a U.S. RatingSystem” (Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Green Building Council, August 13, 1995).5 Information provided by Green Seal, Washington, D.C.6 Information provided by Scientific Certification Systems, Oakland, Calif.7 More information on the development of this guidance can be obtained by calling the EPA Pollution PreventionInformation Clearinghouse at (202) 260-1023. The guidance is also on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/docs/ E P A - T O X / 1 9 9 5 / S e p t e m b e r / D a y - 2 9 / p r - 1 3 9 . h t m l .8 Information obtained from ASTM Subcommittee E-50.06, staff manager Patrick Barr and section chairman Dr.Jim Tshudy, West Conshohocken, Pa.9 Information provided by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers,Atlanta, Ga., Stephen Taylor, chairman of standard 62 revision—Nov. 1995 discussion.10 Information obtained from Dru Meadows of BSW Architects and Ross Spiegel of Michael Schiff & Company. CSIis located in Alexandria, Va.11 Information provided by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, N.Y.12 Henry Amistadi, “CAD-Building Load Software Review,” Scientific Computing (June 1995): 50.13 Additional information on the Industry Alliance of Interoperability can be obtained by calling (800) 798-3375.14 Charles Eley, Ann Peterson and Scott Wentworth, New Building Energy Performance Contracting (city, state: publisher,year)15 Joseph J. Romm, Lean and Clean Management (New York: Kodansha America Inc.,1994), 144.16 Sherri Meri, article in New York Times (October 22, 1995):141 7 Ann Deering and Stephen P. Leatherman, “Insurers Must Do More to Survive Disasters,” Bests’ Review (March 1995).18 Anne Deering, An Insurance Industry Scoping Study: Electric Power Research Institute (New York: EnvironmentalTechnology & Telecommunications, Ltd., March 15, 1995)
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
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CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
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ology avoids false precision by col
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non-dominant alternatives within al
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BEES will accommodate different lev
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CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
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Environmental design guidelines, al
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the project. The building program s
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cise can produce valuable informati
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By December 1994, the city’s Depa
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PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
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The use, scale, and structural syst
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RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
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❑ Identify alternative site desig
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Building and Site Orientation (see
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CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
Page 225 and 226: HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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Page 229 and 230: CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
Page 231 and 232: tractors the option of using multip
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Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
Page 237 and 238: . ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
Page 239 and 240: Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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Page 243 and 244: ❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
Page 245 and 246: While renovation often provides an
Page 247 and 248: tions. Will be of interest to those
Page 249 and 250: 5.Develop procedures to address acc
Page 251 and 252: ❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
Page 253 and 254: ❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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Page 257 and 258: ➤The Environmental and Conservati
Page 259 and 260: PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
Page 261 and 262: Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
Page 263 and 264: Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
Page 265 and 266: A unique feature of the installatio
Page 267 and 268: Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
Page 269 and 270: Product CertificationSeveral entiti
Page 271 and 272: ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
Page 273 and 274: The systems module simulates the op
Page 275: City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
Page 279 and 280: Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
Page 281 and 282: Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
Page 283 and 284: Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
Page 285 and 286: the “Primary output” of the pre
Page 287 and 288: Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
Page 289 and 290: to building owners, designers, and
Page 291: Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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