Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Etn-presco.net

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S u p e r p l a s t i c i z e r s—Chemical additives for concrete that increasethe fluidity of the mix without excess water.Supply air—The total quantity of air supplied to a space of a buildingfor thermal conditioning and ventilation. Typically, supplyair consists of a mixture of return air and outdoor air that isappropriately filtered and conditioned.S u s t a i n a b l e—The condition of being able to meet the needs of presentgenerations without compromising those needs for futuregenerations. Achieving a balance among extraction and renewaland environmental inputs and outputs, as to cause no overallnet environmental burden or deficit. To be truly sustainable, ahuman community must not decrease biodiversity, must notconsume resources faster than they are renewed, must recycleand reuse virtually all materials, and must rely primarily onresources of its own region.S y n e r g y—Action of two or more substances to achieve an effect ofwhich each is individually incapable. As applied to toxicology,two exposures together (for example, asbestos and smoking) arefar more risky than the combined individual risks.T h i n s e t—A modified portland cement and sand mortar used fortile setting. May contain an acrylic additive for strength.“Tight” buildings—Buildings that are designed to let in minimalinfiltration air in order to reduce heating and cooling energycosts. In actuality, buildings typically exhibit leakage that is onthe same order as required ventilation; however, this leakage isnot well distributed and cannot serve as a substitute for properv e n t i l a t i o n .T o p s o i l—The uppermost soil horizon (layer), containing the highestamounts of organic material; depth varies greatly fromregion to region.Transmission loss (TL)—Noise reduction corrected for wall areaand room absorption.T r a n s m i s s i o n—The process by which incident flux leaves a surface,or medium, on a side other than the incident side, withoutchange in frequency.T r a n s m i t t a n c e—The ratio of transmitted flux to incident flux;measured by a transmissometer.Trombe wall—A south-facing masonry wall that is covered withglass spaced a few inches away. Sunlight passing through theglass is transformed into heat at the wall’s surface, which eithermigrates into the building interior or is thermosyphoned tointerior spaces through vents.Ultraviolet radiation (UV)—Any radiant energy within the wavelengthrange of 0.001 to 0.38 micron; high-energy componentsof light capable of damaging materials and increasing skin cancerrisk.Unit factors—An estimate of the environmental costs (for example,raw materials, energy pollution, and solid waste) associated witha unit of a material, such as a ton of steel or a cubic yard ofc o n c r e t e .U r e t h a n e s—A family of plastics (polyurethanes) used for varnishcoatings, foamed insulations, highly durable paints, and rubberg o o d s .Use and operation—That complete and ongoing sequence andseries of activities and actions that are required and occur duringthe life of a “Building” from the point where occupancy andoperation begin to the point where it becomes obsolete, and as aresult, is no longer occupied or used. (J.A. Tshudy, Part IV, Section C)Variable-air-volume (VAV)—A method of modulating the amountof heating or cooling effect that is delivered to a building by theHVAC system. The flow of air is modulated rather than the temperature.VAV systems typically consist of VAV boxes that throttlesupply airflow to individual zones, some mechanism tocontrol supply-fan flow to match box demand, and the interconnectingductwork and components.Veiling luminance—Luminance superimposed on the retinalimage that reduces its contrast.Veiling reflection—Specular reflection superimposed upon diffusereflection from an object that partially, or totally, obscures thedetails to be seen by reducing the contrast. Controlled by distributingthe source over a larger area, relocating the source outof the reflected field of view, changing the task surface specularreflectance (or tilt), or relocating the observer.V e r m i c u l i t e—A naturally occurring silicate mineral that can beexpanded by heating into a noncombustible insulating pellet.Visual angle—The angle subtended by an object, or detail, at thepoint of observation.Visual performance—The quantitative assessment of the performanceof a visual task, taking into consideration speed andaccuracy.Volatile organic compound (VOC)—Chemical compounds basedon carbon and hydrogen structures that are vaporized at roomtemperatures. VOCs are one type of indoor air contaminant.Although thousands have been identified in indoor air, only afew are well understood and regulated.Water budget—The estimated water use within a facility. Flowrates of fixtures and appliances, occupancy, and landscape needsare calculated.Water harvesting—Collection of both runoff and rainwater for variouspurposes, such as irrigation or fountains.Water reclamation—Reuse of effluent from wastewater treatmentfacilities through irrigation, land application, or other recyclingm e t h o d s .W a t e r s h e d—Area of land that, as a result of topography, drains to asingle point or area.W e t l a n d—In stormwater management, a shallow, vegetated, pondedarea that serves to improve water quality and provide wildlifeh a b i t a t .White noise—Sound that has constant energy per frequency.Window-to-floor ratio—The ratio of total, unobstructed windowglass area to total floor area served by the windows, expressed asa percentage. This value can also be further subdivided by solarorientation (such as south-facing window-to-floor ratio).W o r k p l a n e—The plane at which work is usually done and onwhich the illuminance is specified and measured. Unless otherwiseindicated, this is assumed to be a horizontal plane, 30 inches(0.76 meter) above the floor.X e r i s c a p e—A trademarked term referring to water-efficient choicesin planting and irrigation design. It refers to seven basic principlesfor conserving water and protecting the environment.These include: (1) planning and design; (2) use of well-adaptedplants; (3) soil analysis; (4) practical turf areas; (5) use ofmulches; (6) appropriate maintenance; and (7) efficienti r r i g a t i o n .Z e n i t h—The point on the skydome directly overhead, the 90-degree solar altitude a n g l e .
Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n sA D R Alternative dispute resolutionA I A American Institute of ArchitectsA S I D American Society of Interior DesignersA S L A American Society of Landscape ArchitectsA S H R A E American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, andAir-Conditioning EngineersA S T M American Society for Testing and MaterialsP CP C BP E TP P EP U CP VP V CPersonal computerPolychlorinated biphenylsPolyethylene terepthalatePersonnel protective equipmentPublic utility commissionP h o t o v o l t a i cPolyvinyl chlorideB E P A CB O M AB R E E A MB R IB T UBuilding Environmental Performance AssessmentC r i t e r i aBuilding Owners and Managers AssociationI n t e r n a t i o n a lBuilding Research Establishment EnvironmentalAssessment MethodBuilding-Related IllnessesBritish thermal unitsR F PS B SS C SS IS O L FS O WS T CRequest for proposalSick Building SyndromeScientific Certification SystemSysteme International (Metric System)Solar optic lens filmStatement of workSound transmission classc dC I EC F CC P UC R TC S IC S T CC UC Xd Bd B ( A )D D CD O ED S MC a n d e l aCommission Internationale de l'EclairgeC h l o r o f l u o r o c a r b o nCentral processing unitCathode ray tubeConstruction Specifications InstituteCeiling sound transmission classCoefficient of utilizationBuilding commissioningD e c i b e lA-weighted decibelDirect digital controlU.S. Department of EnergyDemand-side managementT E ST M YT V O CU VV A VV C PV C MV D TV O CThermal energy storageTypical meteorological yearTotal volatile organic compoundsUltraviolet radiationV a r i a b l e - a i r - v o l u m eVisual comfort probabilityVinyl chlorideVisual display terminalVolatile organic compoundEE M FE P AE R CI r r a d i a n c eElectric and magnetic fieldsU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEnvironmental report cardG R A SGenerally regarded as safeH A Z C O M OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 1926.59H C F C H y d o r c h l o r o f l o u r o c a r b o nH I D High-intensity discharge (lamps)H E P A High-efficiency particulate air (filter)H V A C Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioningI A Q Indoor air qualityI E S Illuminating Engineering SocietyI F M A International Facility Management AssociationI I C Impact isolation classI P M Integrated pest managementK W H K i l o w a t t - h o u rL A NL C AL C Cl mM C SM D FM S D SM V O CN A A Q SN I O S HN I S TO & MO D CO S H ALocal area networkLife-cycle assessmentLife-cycle costL u m e nMultiple chemical sensitivitiesMedium-density fiberboardMaterial Safety Data SheetMicrobial volatile organic compoundNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Institute of Occupational Safety andH e a l t hNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyOperations and maintenanceOzone-depleting compoundOccupational Safety and Health Administration
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
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CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
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ology avoids false precision by col
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non-dominant alternatives within al
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BEES will accommodate different lev
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CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
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Environmental design guidelines, al
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the project. The building program s
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cise can produce valuable informati
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By December 1994, the city’s Depa
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PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
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The use, scale, and structural syst
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RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
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❑ Identify alternative site desig
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Building and Site Orientation (see
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CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
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HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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tractors the option of using multip
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PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
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Page 239 and 240: Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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Page 243 and 244: ❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
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Page 247 and 248: tions. Will be of interest to those
Page 249 and 250: 5.Develop procedures to address acc
Page 251 and 252: ❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
Page 253 and 254: ❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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Page 257 and 258: ➤The Environmental and Conservati
Page 259 and 260: PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
Page 261 and 262: Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
Page 263 and 264: Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
Page 265 and 266: A unique feature of the installatio
Page 267 and 268: Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
Page 269 and 270: Product CertificationSeveral entiti
Page 271 and 272: ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
Page 273 and 274: The systems module simulates the op
Page 275 and 276: City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
Page 277 and 278: Studies have indicated that increas
Page 279 and 280: Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
Page 281 and 282: Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
Page 283 and 284: Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
Page 285: the “Primary output” of the pre
Page 289 and 290: to building owners, designers, and
Page 291: Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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