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Building StandardsEnvironmental concerns are becoming increasingly important elements in the developmentof standards. Several building-oriented standard-setting activities and developmentsare discussed below.American Society for Testing and Materials—Green BuildingStandard ActivitiesThe American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is a voluntary, consensus-basedstandard-setting organization. Its membership includes approximately 30,000 technicalprofessionals from the public and private sectors. In 1992, ASTM’s Green BuildingSubcommittee, E-50.06, was formed. The subcommittee is working on green building-orientedstandards for both commercial and residential buildings and operations. Some ofthe ASTM standards under development are listed in Figure 2. 8American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-ConditioningEngineers StandardsThe American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE) is a technical society of engineers and other parties. It conducts research andtechnical programs and develops standards. ASHRAE has several green building-orientedstandards that are referenced throughout this manual. Figure 3 includes a brief discussionof several standards that are being revised. 9The Construction Specifications InstituteThe Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) is a membership organization of technicalspecifiers and manufacturers’ representatives that provides guidance on specificationsand other technical matters. 1 0 CSI has begun to include environmental issues in itsprograms and services. One of its projects is the preparation of a guide for incorporatingenvironmental concerns into contract documents. The guide, when complete, will focuson environmental terminology, research and development (with regard to manufacturers’product information), design and construction, and project evaluation (includingoperations and maintenance and monitoring). CSI is also expanding its standard Spec-Data sheet of manufacturers’ product information to include environmental criteria.(See Chapter 17, “Specifications,” for more discussion on environmentally orientedspecification format.)Illuminating Engineering SocietyThe Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) of North America is a technical membershipsociety of lighting design and provider professionals, that provides standards for lightingsystems within the building industry. 1 1 It is co-sponsor of standards with ASHRAE, such as90.1-1989 (Energy-Efficient Design of New Buildings). IES is working on new standards forbetter lighting quality, as well as working on upgrading the lighting and power sectionsaddressed in the new ASHRAE 90.1 standard. Credits will be given for lighting controlsand daylighting; the measures will be performance-based (see Chapter 9, “Daylighting”).Design ToolsThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in cooperation with industry groups, has developedcomputer-based tools for building design as well as research. The tools are used bydesigners, builders, professionals, utilities, and government to analyze buildings andbuilding systems and their inter-relationships, and to compare alternatives. The designtools model the building envelope dynamics required for passive solar strategies, daylighting,HVAC, and lighting, based on occupancy requirements. The tools enable predic-
ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLife-Cycle Assessment—E-50.06.01■ Guide for Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment of Buildings and Building Materials.Provides general guidance for a common framework to use life-cycle assessment as a tool for evaluating theenvironmental implications of buildings and building products.■ Guide for Conducting an Environmental Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis of Buildings and BuildingMaterials.Describes methods for carrying out an environmental life-cycle inventory analysis.■ Guide for Conducting an Environmental Life-Cycle Impact Assessment of Buildings and BuildingMaterials.Recommends a framework for carrying out an environmental life-cycle impact assessment. Outlines a procedureto characterize and assess the effects of resource requirements and environmental residuals previouslyidentified through a life-cycle inventory. Provides guidance on defining and analyzingenvironmental impacts.■ Terminology for Life-Cycle Assessment of Building Materials.A standard compilation of the terminology used in this area.Commercial Green Building Standard Practice—E-50.06.02A compilation of standard practice for the design, construction, operation, and demolition of commercialbuildings using environmentally sound energy-efficiency techniques.Residential New Building Guide—E-50.06.03A guide to improving the environmental performance and sustainability of low-rise residential buildings inthe areas of specification, construction, operations, maintenance, renovation, adaptive reuse, recycling, anddemolition.Sustainably Harvested Wood—E-50.06.05A guide to assessing whether wood is sustainably harvested through environmentally sound forestry managementpractices.Environmentally Preferable Cleaners/Degreasers—E-50.06.06A guide to assist in the development of environmentally preferable products following a life-cycle-improvementapproach.Sustainable Site Planning—E-50.06.08A guide for green landscaping, Xeriscaping, and pollution prevention.International Standard on Energy Efficiency—E-50.06.09Standard provides a method for calculating the costs and benefits of energy decisions.Source Separation of Recyclables in Commercial and Multi-Tenant Buildings— E-50.06.10A guide for source separation programs.Figure 2
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
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CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
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ology avoids false precision by col
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non-dominant alternatives within al
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BEES will accommodate different lev
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CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
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Environmental design guidelines, al
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the project. The building program s
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cise can produce valuable informati
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By December 1994, the city’s Depa
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PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
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The use, scale, and structural syst
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RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
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❑ Identify alternative site desig
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Building and Site Orientation (see
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CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
Page 219 and 220: PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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Page 223 and 224: Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
Page 225 and 226: HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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Page 229 and 230: CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
Page 231 and 232: tractors the option of using multip
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Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
Page 237 and 238: . ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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Page 243 and 244: ❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
Page 245 and 246: While renovation often provides an
Page 247 and 248: tions. Will be of interest to those
Page 249 and 250: 5.Develop procedures to address acc
Page 251 and 252: ❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
Page 253 and 254: ❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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Page 257 and 258: ➤The Environmental and Conservati
Page 259 and 260: PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
Page 261 and 262: Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
Page 263 and 264: Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
Page 265 and 266: A unique feature of the installatio
Page 267 and 268: Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
Page 269: Product CertificationSeveral entiti
Page 273 and 274: The systems module simulates the op
Page 275 and 276: City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
Page 277 and 278: Studies have indicated that increas
Page 279 and 280: Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
Page 281 and 282: Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
Page 283 and 284: Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
Page 285 and 286: the “Primary output” of the pre
Page 287 and 288: Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
Page 289 and 290: to building owners, designers, and
Page 291: Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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