Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Etn-presco.net

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Returns on investment for energy-efficiency measures can behigher than rates of return on conventional and even highyieldinginvestments. Participants in the Green Lights programof the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)have enjoyed annual rates of return of over 30 percent forlighting retrofits. When participants complete all programrelatedimprovements, Green Lights could save over 65 millionkilowatts of electricity, reducing the nation’s electric billby $16 billion annually. 6If the United States continues to retrofit its existing buildingstock into energy-efficient structures and upgrade buildingcodes to require high energy efficiency in new buildings, itwill be able to greatly reduce the demand for energy resources.This reduction, in turn, will lessen air pollution, contributionsto global warming, and dependency on fossil fuels.Water EfficiencyWater conservation and efficiency programs have begun tolead to substantial decreases in the use of water within buildings.Water-efficient appliances and fixtures, behavioralchanges, and changes in irrigation methods can reduce consumptionby up to 30 percent or more. 7 Investment in suchmeasures can yield payback in one to three years. Some waterutilities offer fixture rebates and other incentives, as well ascomplimentary water surveys, which can lead to even higherreturns.WATER EFFICIENCYin a Typical 100,000 sq. ft. Office BuildingWater UsageNumber of Building Occupants 650Water Use per Occupant per Day 20Total Annual Building Water Use (gallons) 3,250,000Total Annual Building Water Use (HCF*) 4,345Water CostWater Cost per HCF $1.44Sewer Cost per HCF $1.93Total (water + sewer) Cost per HCF $3.37Total (water + sewer) Annual Cost $14,643SavingsInitial Cost of Water Measures** $10,983Annual Water Conservation, at 30% Reduction (HCF) 1,304Annual Water + Sewer Savings (1,304 HCF at $3.37) $4,394Payback Period2.5 years*One hundred cubic feet (HCF) = 748 gallons** Measures include efficient, low-flow appliances and fixturesas well as control sensors.Source: Figures based on communications with WaterDepartment specialists in San Diego, Phoenix, and Sacramento.Figure 1As Figure 1 reveals, for a typical 100,000-square-foot office building, a 30 percent reductionin water usage through the installation of efficiency measures can result in annualsavings of $4,393. The payback period is 2.5 years on the installed conservation and efficiencymeasures. In addition to providing a 40 percent return on investment, the measuresresult in annual conservation of 975,000 gallons of water.As demand on water increases with urban growth, the economic impact of water conservationand efficiency will increase proportionately. Water efficiency not only can lead tosubstantial water savings, as shown in the above example, it also can reduce the requirementfor expansion of water treatment facilities. Non-residential water customersaccount for a small percentage of the total number of water customers, but use approximately35 percent or more of the total water. 8 More information on water conservationprograms and incentives can be obtained from your local water utility, or by callingWaterWiser, a national water-efficiency clearinghouse of the American Water WorksAssociation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, at 800/559-9855.Waste ReductionOf the 20,000 landfills located within the United States, more than 15,000 have reachedcapacity and closed. 9 Many more are following this pattern each year. Construction-relatedwaste constitutes more than 25 percent of landfill content and equals total municipalgarbage waste generated in the United States. 1 0 As a result of this volume of waste, anincreasing number of landfills will not permit, or are charging extra for, the dumping ofconstruction-related waste. In response, recycling of such debris is increasing at the jobsite. Materials such as gypsum, glass, carpet, aluminum, steel, brick, and disassembledbuilding components can be reused, or, if that is not feasible, recycled.PART I: ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT I.5
PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN ARENA 11Portland, OregonOne of the best examples of the savings potential for recycling of construction-related demolition debris is the Portland Trailblazers Rose Garden Arena, anew 750,000-square-foot stadium built in Portland, Oregon, in 1995. In demolishing the old stadium and an adjacent facility, the project contractor, TurnerConstruction Company, was able to divert successfully from the landfill the majority of the construction and demolition debris—including 1,300 tons ofwood, 1,000 tons of metal, and 29 tons of cardboard—through reuse and recycling. In addition, the contractor diverted large quantities of gypsum wallboard,site-clearing debris, concrete, and asphalt. For a recycling cost of only $19,000, the contractor avoided an estimated $166,000 in landfill costs.Rebates totaling $39,000 were received from third party vendors for the metal and cardboard. The resulting net savings from the project for the full recyclingeffort was approximately $186,000.In addition to construction-waste recycling, the building industry is beginning toachieve significant waste reductions through more building reuse and adaptation, asopposed to demolition. In past decades, the trend has been to raze a building at the endof its first life (assumed to be the “useful” life) and replace it with a new building. Withingenuity, older structures can be successfully renovated into cost-effective and efficient“new” structures. Adaptive reuse of older structures can result in financial savings toboth sellers and purchasers. One example is the National Audubon Society headquartersbuilding in New York, the product of a 1993 project that recycled a 100-year-old eightstorybuilding. Conservation of the building’s shell and floors saved approximately 300tons of steel, 9,000 tons of masonry, and 560 tons of concrete. Audubon estimates a savingsof approximately $8 million associated with restoration instead of demolition andnew construction. 12ConstructionApplication of green building concepts can yield for savings during the constructionprocess. Measures that are relatively easy to implement can result in savings to the contractorin the following areas:■ Lower energy costs, by monitoring usage, installing energy-efficient lamps and fixtures,and using occupancy sensors to control lighting fixtures;■ Lower water costs, by monitoring consumption and reusing stormwater and/or constructionwastewater where possible;■ Lower site-clearing costs, by minimizing site disruption and movement of earth andinstallation of artificial systems;■ Lower landfill dumping fees and associated hauling charges, through reuse and recyclingof construction and demolition debris;■ Lower materials costs, with more careful purchase and reuse of resources and materials;■ Possible earnings from sales of reusable items removed during building demolition; and■ Fewer employee health problems resulting from poor indoor air quality.This listing suggests some possible areas for cost savings; the project team can identifyother possibilities through a cooperative and integrated team approach. The contractorcan also improve relations with the community and building owner by viewing them aspart of the team effort to implement environmentally sound construction measures. SeePart V of this manual for more detailed information and discussion of environmentalconstruction guidelines.I.6CHAPTER 1: THE ECONOMICS OF GREEN BUILDINGS
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
Page 3 and 4: Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
Page 5 and 6: AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
Page 7 and 8: Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
Page 9 and 10: The industry’s growing sustainabi
Page 11 and 12: OverviewSustainable Building Techni
Page 13 and 14: I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
Page 15 and 16: Locally, public and private leaders
Page 17: Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
Page 21 and 22: oughly $60 billion each year in med
Page 23 and 24: MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
Page 27 and 28: ology avoids false precision by col
Page 29 and 30: non-dominant alternatives within al
Page 31 and 32: BEES will accommodate different lev
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
Page 35 and 36: Environmental design guidelines, al
Page 37 and 38: the project. The building program s
Page 39 and 40: cise can produce valuable informati
Page 41 and 42: By December 1994, the city’s Depa
Page 43 and 44: PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
Page 45 and 46: The use, scale, and structural syst
Page 47 and 48: RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
Page 49 and 50: ❑ Identify alternative site desig
Page 51 and 52: Building and Site Orientation (see
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
Page 55 and 56: POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
Page 57 and 58: SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
Page 59 and 60: use vary by locality. If rainfall i
Page 61 and 62: methods of dealing with centralized
Page 63 and 64: SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
Page 65 and 66: GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
Page 67 and 68: Soil fertility not only supports pl
Page 69 and 70:
. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
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HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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tractors the option of using multip
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PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
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CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
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Page 239 and 240:
Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
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While renovation often provides an
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tions. Will be of interest to those
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5.Develop procedures to address acc
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❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
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❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
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➤The Environmental and Conservati
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PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
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Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
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Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
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A unique feature of the installatio
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Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
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Product CertificationSeveral entiti
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ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
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The systems module simulates the op
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City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
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Studies have indicated that increas
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Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
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Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
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Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
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the “Primary output” of the pre
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Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
Page 289 and 290:
to building owners, designers, and
Page 291:
Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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