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PAVING MATERIALSJacobs, Allan B. Great Streets. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993. Illustrated examples ofsuccessful streetscapes.Paine, Jon E., ed. Pervious Pavement Manual. Orlando, Fla.: Florida Concrete and ProductsAssociation. Construction manual for porous concrete. Contact the Florida Concreteand Products Association, 649 Vassar St., Orlando, Fla. 32804, 800/342-0800.Sorvig, Kim. “Porous Paving” Landscape Architecture, February 1993; and “The Path LessTraveled,” Landscape Architecture, December 1994. Washington, D.C.: AmericanSociety of Landscape Architects. Porous asphalt and concrete, soil-cement, stabilizedsoil, and crushed traditional pavements are discussed.Untermann, Richard K. Accommodating the Pedestrian: Adapting Towns and Neighborhoodsfor Walking and Bicycling. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. Strategies for existingdevelopments or new ones to become less car-centered and more people-friendly.U.S. Department of Energy. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Cooling OurC o m m u n i t i e s. U.S. Government Printing Office Document no. 055-000-00371-8.Paving and planting strategies to avoid heat build-up.Vance, Mary A. Garden Walls, Walks and Steps: A Bibliography. Monticello, Ill.: VanceBibliographies, 1986. Source-listing of information on paving and outdoor constructionfrom many authors.SITE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSAmerican Society for Testing and Materials. Standard E 917-93. Standard Practice forMeasuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems. Philadelphia, Penn.: ASTM,March 1993.American Society for Testing and Materials. Subcommittee on Green Buildings. StandardPractice for Green Buildings. Standard E-50.06, draft document, 1993. Contact ASTM,100 Barr Harbor Drive W., Conshohocken, PA 19428, 610/832-9500.Fisk, Pliny. Bioregions & Biotechnologies and Sustainable Design Compendium. Austin, Tex.:Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems, n.d. How to use native resources toproduce ecologically intelligent development. Contact the Center for MaximumPotential Building Systems, 8604 F.M. 969, Austin, TX 78724, 512/928-4786.Landphair, Harlow C., and Fred Klatt. Landscape Architecture Construction. New York:Elsevier, 1978. Standard reference on hardscape techniques.Robinette, Gary O. Landscape Architectural Site Construction Details. Reston, Va.: Center forLandscape Architectural Education and Research, 1976; distributed by EnvironmentalDesign Press. Illustrated with construction detail drawings.Sorvig, Kim. “Brave New Landscape.” Landscape Architecture, July 1992. Washington,D.C.: American Society of Landscape Architects. Emerging and experimental materialsin landscape construction. Landscape Architecture’s “Technique & Practice” columnruns monthly updates on materials.IRRIGATION EQUIPMENTEllefson, Connie; Tom Stephens; and Doug Welsh. Xeriscape Gardening: WaterConservation for the American Landscape. New York: Macmillan, 1992. Detailed instructionson irrigation and planting design; low-water plant-lists for all U.S. regions.Gates, Jane Potter. Drip, Trickle and Surge Irrigation. Beltsville, Md.: National AgriculturalLibrary, updated periodically since 1992. Review of irrigation technology and products.Mollison, Bill. Permaculture: A Designer’s Manual. Tyalgum, Australia: Tagari, 1988.Sourcebook of sustainable living techniques; includes many water-harvesting methods.Sorvig, Kim. “Sun on the Water.” Landscape Architecture, September 1994. Washington,D.C.: American Society of Landscape Architects. Solar-powered landscape irrigation.Watkins, James A. Turf Irrigation Manual: The Complete Guide to Turf and LandscapeSprinkler Systems. Dallas, Tex.: Telsco Industries, 1987. Discusses irrigation hardware.Most irrigation manufacturers also offer detailed design manuals.
OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoyers, Janet Lennox. The Landscape Lighting Book. New York: Wiley, 1992. Completetreatment of design, equipment, installation, and maintenance of outdoor lighting.Post, Hal, and Vernon Risser. Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook ofRecommended Design Practices, Albuquerque: Sandia National Laboratories, 1988.Complete manual for planning and installing solar-electric power for any purpose.Schaeffer, John, ed. Alternative Energy Sourcebook: A Comprehensible Guide to Energy SensibleT e c h n o l o g i e s. Ukiah, Calif.: Real Goods Trading Corporation, updated annually.Catalog with detailed technical explanations; items can be purchased through RealGoods.Sorvig, Kim. “Low-Voltage Lighting,” “New Light on the Landscape,” “Transformationsof Light,” Landscape Architecture, January 1994; August 1993; and February 1994.Washington, D.C.: American Society of Landscape Architects. Reviews of current lightingfor landscape use, including fiber optics and other unusual equipment..N OT E SI1 Nyle C. Brady, The Nature and Properties of Soils, 8th ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1974), 309.2 Ibid., 9–10.3 Hugo Schiechtl, BioEngineering for Land Reclamation and Conservation (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press,1980), 37–139. This comprehensive source should be read thoroughly by anyone interested in bioengineering.4 Lloyd W. Bookout, Value by Design: Landscape, Site Planning, and Amenities (Washington, D.C.: Urban LandInstitute, 1994), 1–125. Detailed study of the value-added aspects of site design.5 Daniel Chiras, Environmental Science (Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings, 1994).6 Connie Ellefson, Tom Stephens, and Doug Welsh, Xeriscape Gardening: Water Conservation for the AmericanLandscape (New York: Macmillan, 1992), esp. 3–130.7 See Architectural Graphic Standards or similar reference works for national standards, and use minimum sizingpossible, unless barred by local code. For information on ISTEA (Federal Law PL 102–240 enacted 1991) callyour state Department of Transportation or the American Society of Landscape Architects Government AffairsOffice, (202) 686–8351.8 Kim Sorvig, “Porous Paving,” Landscape Architecture, February 1993.9 US Department of Energy. Lawrence Livermore Labs, “Cooling Our Communities,” US Government PrintingOffice Document #055–000–00371–8 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, n.d.).10 For discussion and examples, see Janet Lennox Moyer, The Landscape Lighting Book (New York: Wiley, 1992).Chapter 7 concerns corrosion of materials in contact with soil and weather; Moyer notes that several manufacturersexperienced serious losses by merely adapting indoor fixtures for outdoor use (interview with the author,Albuquerque, 1994).11 See Post and Risser, Stand Alone Photovoltaic Systems (listed in Resources) for clear examples of life-cycle costing,with worksheets.12 Ellefson, Stephens, and Welsh, 3.13 Ibid., 9. Principles of design and irrigation, and regional plant lists, are included.14 Bill Mollison, Permaculture: A Designer’s Manual (Tyalgum, Australia: Tagari, 1988), 155–170, 336–358.15 Kim Sorvig, “Sun on the Water,” Landscape Architecture, September 1994.16 Jot. D. Carpenter, ed., Handbook of Landscape Construction (Washington, D.C.: Landscape ArchitectureFoundation, 1976), 191–200. Includes table of desirable illumination levels for various functions.17 Kim Sorvig, “Low-Voltage Lighting,” Landscape Architecture, January 1994.18 Hal Post, and Vernon Risser, Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices(Albuquerque: Sandia National Laboratories, 1988), 2, 7–86. Excellent detailed discussion, in clear language, ofall aspects of photovoltaic use.19 For information, consulting services, and supply of these and other alternative-power systems, see JohnSchaeffer, ed., Alternative Energy Sourcebook: A Comprehensible Guide to Energy Sensible Technologies (Ukiah, Calif.:Real Goods Trading Corporation, updated annually).
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
Page 27 and 28: ology avoids false precision by col
Page 29 and 30: non-dominant alternatives within al
Page 31 and 32: BEES will accommodate different lev
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
Page 35 and 36: Environmental design guidelines, al
Page 37 and 38: the project. The building program s
Page 39 and 40: cise can produce valuable informati
Page 41 and 42: By December 1994, the city’s Depa
Page 43 and 44: PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
Page 45 and 46: The use, scale, and structural syst
Page 47 and 48: RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
Page 49 and 50: ❑ Identify alternative site desig
Page 51 and 52: Building and Site Orientation (see
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
Page 55 and 56: POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
Page 57 and 58: SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
Page 59 and 60: use vary by locality. If rainfall i
Page 61 and 62: methods of dealing with centralized
Page 63 and 64: SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
Page 65 and 66: GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
Page 67 and 68: Soil fertility not only supports pl
Page 69 and 70: . ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
Page 71 and 72: ❑ Carefully distinguish between l
Page 73 and 74: Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
Page 75: Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
Page 79 and 80: As local governments consider site
Page 81 and 82: ■ Provide guidelines for building
Page 83 and 84: the collection and use of rainwater
Page 85 and 86: and global warming, by the strategi
Page 87 and 88: SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
Page 89 and 90: Passive building design starts with
Page 91 and 92: Daylighting requires the correct pl
Page 93 and 94: - Determine the optimal effective a
Page 95 and 96: controlled by the reflectivity of t
Page 97 and 98: installations require diffuse glazi
Page 99 and 100: ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
Page 101 and 102: shading coefficient. A luminous eff
Page 103 and 104: 8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
Page 105 and 106: Decisions about construction detail
Page 107 and 108: ❑ Select the proper glazing for w
Page 109 and 110: guidelines, examples, and reference
Page 111 and 112: Thermal mass and energy storage are
Page 113 and 114: ❑ Consider other cooling strategi
Page 115 and 116: Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
Page 117 and 118: from the storage tank, or by flushi
Page 119 and 120: P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
Page 121 and 122: Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
Page 123 and 124: SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
Page 125 and 126: After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
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HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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tractors the option of using multip
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PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
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CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
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While renovation often provides an
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tions. Will be of interest to those
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5.Develop procedures to address acc
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❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
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❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
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➤The Environmental and Conservati
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PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
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Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
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Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
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A unique feature of the installatio
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Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
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Product CertificationSeveral entiti
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ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
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The systems module simulates the op
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City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
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Studies have indicated that increas
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Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
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Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
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Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
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the “Primary output” of the pre
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Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
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to building owners, designers, and
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Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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