universities. USGBC has also established effective and ongoing liaisons with the White House, federal agencies, standardsorganizations, and organizations representing state and local governments. Issues being addressed by the councilinclude economic analysis, full-cost accounting, green building rating systems, product certification, life-cycleanalysis, environmental policies, standards development, and education of the building industry.U.S. Department of EnergyThe mission of the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) is to assure that the nation has adequate and stable suppliesof energy. The department is also committed to helping the nation discover and adopt cleaner and more sustainableenergy resources and technologies—in other words, technologies that improve energy efficiency, preventpollution, and make use of renewable resources to diversify the nation’s energy mix. U.S. DOE’s Office of EnergyEfficiency and Renewable Energy (OEERE) operates a number of technical and financial assistance programs toimprove the resource efficiency of America’s buildings. Among them are <strong>Building</strong> America, which brings the diverseelements of the building industry together to practice a systems approach to building design and construction,improving cost, durability, indoor air quality, and energy efficiency. In addition, the Office encourages green buildingpractices through its Center of Excellence for <strong>Sustainable</strong> Development, which helps communities create andimplement sustainable development programs. The center will help communities adopt a comprehensive approachto planning—an approach that recognizes the links between energy, environment, economy, and community livability.Information and a “tool kit” on sustainable development is available on the Center’s Inter<strong>net</strong> home page,, or by calling (800) 357-7732.U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyThe Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division (SHEMD) of U.S. EPA is responsible for developing andimplementing the agency’s internal policies, programs, and infrastructure for environmental management and publicand occupational safety and health. SHEMD works closely with all U.S. EPA operating units to provide managementsupport and technical assistance. Through collaborative relationships with other federal, state, and local governmentagencies and organizations, business and industry, educational and research institutions, and other entities, SHEMDjointly develops products and services that have widespread public- and private-sector application. A particularemphasis is placed upon learning, information, and performance-support systems, especially those employing newtechnologies, to help advance the nation’s objectives for a sustainable future.Producing a manual that covers all disciplines involved in the design, construction, and operation of a building is an enormouschallenge. Early in the process it was decided that this book, like a building project, would best be designed and constructedvia a collaborative, integrated effort of practitioners in the field. Many individuals across the building professionsprovided a great deal of assistance and deserve thanks for making the manual a success.A special thanks to An<strong>net</strong>te Osso, PTI, who provided overall project coordination and management and to DavidGottfried of Gottfried Technology Inc., who managed the USGBC ’s work on the manual. He developed the outlinefor the manual, identified authors, and worked with Lynn Simon to organized the authors’ drafts and reviewers’ commentsto develop a cohesive document. The individual authors also deserve special thanks for working with theUSGBC and PTI, contributing additional information, and reviewing material throughout the process. The AdvisoryCommittee and additional reviewers read and commented on the manual manuscript through several review processes.PTI staff and contractors provided many hours of work to edit and produce the final document. All have workedtogether to provide building professionals in public and private organizations with a document that will further theirgreen building initiatives.A final note of thanks goes to Lou Divone, Bill Becker, and Mary-Margaret Jenior of U.S. DOE and to David ScottSmith of U.S. EPA for their support of green building initiatives in communities around the country.
AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA, EnvironmentalResearch GroupSal Agnello, Johnson ControlsStephen P. Ashkin, Rochester Midland CorporationLucia Athens, University of Georgia, School ofEnvironmental DesignAnthony Bernheim, AIA, Simon Martin – VegueWinkelstein MorisClark C. Bisel, P.E., Flack & Kurtz ConsultingEngineersWilliam Burke, AIA, University of California,Berkeley, Center for Environmental Design andResearchNicholas T. Dines, FASLA, University ofMassachusetts, Department of LandscapeArchitecture and Regional PlanningBruce K. Ferguson, University of Georgia, School ofEnvironmental DesignDaniel J. Goldberger, International Council for LocalEnvironmental InitiativesDavid A. Gottfried, Gottfried Technology Inc.Gerard Heiber, Sigal Environmental, Inc.Lisa Heschong, Heschong Mahone GroupPhillip Jessup, International Council for LocalEnvironmental InitiativesBarbara Lippiatt, National Institute of Standards andTechnologyJohn D. Longman, Cerami & AssociatesDru Meadows, AIA, BSW InternationalMichael Myers, U.S. Department of EnergyWilliam G. Reed, AIA, Hillier GroupDavid Rousseau, Archemy Consulting Ltd.Kim Sorvig, University of New Mexico, School ofArchitecture and PlanningDr. James A. Tshudy, Armstrong World IndustriesAdvisory CommitteeSusan Anderson, city of Portland Energy OfficeJoseph Azzarello, Herman Miller, Inc.Kathy Bakin, American Society of Interior DesignersLarry Blackstad, Hennepin County, MinnesotaWilliam Bobenhausen, Steven Wintor AssociatesHelen English, Passive Solar Industries CouncilSusan Everett, American Society of LandscapeArchitectsRichard Fedrizzi, Carrier CorporationDavid Gottfried, Gottfried Technology Inc.Richard Hays, city of San Diego, CaliforniaGerard Heiber, Sigal Environmental, Inc.Mary-Margaret Jenior, U.S. DOERandy Johnson, Hennepin County, MinnesotaDimitrios Laloudakis, city of Phoenix, ArizonaSteven J. Piguet, Armstrong World IndustriesWilliam G. Reed, AIA, Hillier GroupDouglas Seiter, city of Austin, TexasDavid Scott Smith, U.S. EPAWade Smith, Honeywell Inc.Ross Spiegel, Constructions Specifications InstituteAlan Traugott, Flack & Kurtz Consulting EngineersPaul Tseng, Montgomery County, MarylandDoug Yoder, Metro-Dade County, FloridaA dditional Rev i ewe r sLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA, EnvironmentalResearch GroupAnthony Bernheim, AIA, Simon Martin – VegueWinkelstein MorisWilliam Burke, AIA, ArchitectNancy Carlisle, National Renewable EnergyLaboratoryAnne Sprunt Crawley, U.S. DOEMichael O’Reilly, U.S. EPAPatricia Plympton, National Renewable EnergyLaboratoryAdam Saling, San Diego, CaliforniaDr. James A. Tshudy, Armstrong World IndustriesDonald Watson, FAIA, ArchitectPhil Wirdzek, U.S. EPA
- Page 1 and 2: SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
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HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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tractors the option of using multip
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PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
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CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
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While renovation often provides an
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tions. Will be of interest to those
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5.Develop procedures to address acc
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❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
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❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
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➤The Environmental and Conservati
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PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
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Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
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Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
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A unique feature of the installatio
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Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
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Product CertificationSeveral entiti
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ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
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The systems module simulates the op
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City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
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Studies have indicated that increas
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Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
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Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
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Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
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the “Primary output” of the pre
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Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
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to building owners, designers, and
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Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A