Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Etn-presco.net

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■ The inventory of input materials and products for each stage.Once the material and product inputs (the third item above) to each life-cycle stage areidentified, it is then necessary to analyze them in terms of the following factors (see Figure5 for an example):■ The energy input necessary to produce those materials and products;■ The total environmental releases and pollutants necessary to produce them; and■ All of the non-energy natural resources necessary to produce them.As noted earlier, the data must take into account the entire process from the acquisitionof natural resources to the point where the materials and products are on the site andready to be used in the building life cycle.These steps constitute a collection of inventory data only; a complete set of accurate datais difficult, if not impossible, to compile at this stage in the development and applicationof LCA to real-world problems. Consequently, it is important to record as much as possibleabout the quality of the data and the assumptions made in its acquisition.Quantitative data will likely not be available in many cases, making qualitative and subjectivejudgments necessary.Recording, organizing, and managing the information may be done in several ways.Borrowing in part from the approach suggested by Graedel et al.,1 one can develop aseries of matrices for recording the above evaluations and managing the inventory information(see Matrices I and II). Matrix I deals with the environmental releases and energyusage associated with the primary processes of the building life cycle. Matrix II illustratesthe types of environmental data and other relevant information that can be acquired forthe materials and products that have been identified as inputs to the primary life-cycleprocesses. As indicated before, the information here is likely to range from quantitativemeasurements to subjective comments. Additional categories may be useful depending onthe purpose and scope of the project. Non-environmental factors such as cost are alsoimportant in the ultimate decision-making process.Comparing OptionsHaving examined the base case, one can now consider the various options in design or inmaterials and products. These options need to be examined for their effects throughoutthe entire life cycle. For example, a change in a specific design feature is likely to affectsome of the material and product requirements in other stages (both upstream and downstream)of the life cycle. Similarly, different product options can affect other downstreamprocesses in the life cycle. It is necessary to understand and examine the consequences ofeach option in the context of the complete building life cycle.In principle, the various options can now be compared in terms of their environmentalimplications. Some would argue that the unknowns and uncertainties are too large todraw valid conclusions. Indeed, these are always issues to be considered. Those willing todeal with the uncertainties and risks and utilize some of the decision-support methodscurrently available can move forward.2 By identifying the stakeholders and their sets ofvalues, one should be able to make more informed judgments about the environmentalbenefits accruable to each of the various options. Evaluating the economic impacts andcosts of implementing the various options should also be possible. A decision whether ornot to adopt a building design option can now be made with considerably more informationand insight.
(Section C contains two chapters on materials. Chapter 16, “Materials,” provides a discussionof general material categories from the perspectives of resource efficiency and occupanthealth issues. Chapter 17, “Specifications” offers examples of environmentallanguage for specifications documents and information-gathering formats for assessingmaterial choices.)➜ R E S O U R C E SIGraedel T. E., B. R. Allenby, and P. R. Comrie. “Matrix Approach to Abridged Life-CycleAssessment.” Environmental Science and Technology 29, no. 3 (1995): 134A.Norris, G. A., and H. E. Marshall. Multiattribute Decision Analysis Method for EvaluatingBuildings and Building Systems (NISTIR5663) Gaithersburg, Md.: National Institute ofStandards and Technology, 1995.Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. A Conceptual Framework for LifeCycle Impact Assessment. Pensacola, Fla.: Society of Environmental Toxicology andChemistry, 1993._____. A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment. Pensacola, Fla.: Society ofEnvironmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1991.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines andPrinciples. (EPA/600/R-92/245). Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1993..N OT E SI1 T.E. Graedel, B.R. Allenby, and P.R. Comrie, “Matrix Approach to Abridged Life-Cycle Assessment,”Environmental Technology 29, no. 3 (1995): 134A.2 G.A. Norris and H.E. Marshall, Multiattribute Decision Analysis Method for Evaluating Buildings and Building SystemsNISTIR5663 (Gaithersburg, Md.: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995).
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
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CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
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ology avoids false precision by col
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non-dominant alternatives within al
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BEES will accommodate different lev
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CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
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Environmental design guidelines, al
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the project. The building program s
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cise can produce valuable informati
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By December 1994, the city’s Depa
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PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
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The use, scale, and structural syst
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RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
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❑ Identify alternative site desig
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Building and Site Orientation (see
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CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
Page 125 and 126: After the energy crisis, design and
Page 127 and 128: ❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
Page 129 and 130: ❑ Consider thermal energy storage
Page 131 and 132: ❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
Page 133 and 134: ❑ Match the quality of light to t
Page 135 and 136: Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
Page 137 and 138: Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
Page 139 and 140: - Energy learning centers with clas
Page 141 and 142: .N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
Page 143 and 144: These organisms can affect occupant
Page 145 and 146: Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
Page 147 and 148: 3. International Agency on Research
Page 149 and 150: - Clean air shafts, occupied areas
Page 151 and 152: educe the exposure of the interior
Page 153 and 154: ❑ Develop and provide the buildin
Page 155 and 156: CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
Page 157 and 158: RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
Page 159 and 160: ❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
Page 161 and 162: CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
Page 163 and 164: EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
Page 165 and 166: the successful completion of each p
Page 167 and 168: .I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
Page 169 and 170: Much has been written and a great d
Page 171: LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
Page 174 and 175: BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
Page 178 and 179: CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
Page 180 and 181: can be extreme. However, in a hot,
Page 182 and 183: (Refer to the “Environmental Impa
Page 184 and 185: ❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
Page 186 and 187: ❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
Page 188 and 189: - Some tile is available with recyc
Page 190 and 191: - One method of low-emission carpet
Page 192 and 193: - Tropical hardwoods are common in
Page 194 and 195: CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
Page 196: products such as alternative agricu
Page 213 and 214: CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
Page 215 and 216: Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
Page 217 and 218: .L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
Page 219 and 220: PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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Page 223 and 224: Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
Page 225 and 226: HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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tractors the option of using multip
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PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
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CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
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Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
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While renovation often provides an
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tions. Will be of interest to those
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5.Develop procedures to address acc
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❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
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❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
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➤The Environmental and Conservati
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PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
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Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
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Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
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A unique feature of the installatio
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Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
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Product CertificationSeveral entiti
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ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
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The systems module simulates the op
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City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
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Studies have indicated that increas
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Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
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Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
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Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
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the “Primary output” of the pre
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Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
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to building owners, designers, and
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Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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