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universities. USGBC has also established effective and ongoing liaisons with the White House, federal agencies, standardsorganizations, and organizations representing state and local governments. Issues being addressed by the councilinclude economic analysis, full-cost accounting, green building rating systems, product certification, life-cycleanalysis, environmental policies, standards development, and education of the building industry.U.S. Department of EnergyThe mission of the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) is to assure that the nation has adequate and stable suppliesof energy. The department is also committed to helping the nation discover and adopt cleaner and more sustainableenergy resources and technologies—in other words, technologies that improve energy efficiency, preventpollution, and make use of renewable resources to diversify the nation’s energy mix. U.S. DOE’s Office of EnergyEfficiency and Renewable Energy (OEERE) operates a number of technical and financial assistance programs toimprove the resource efficiency of America’s buildings. Among them are Building America, which brings the diverseelements of the building industry together to practice a systems approach to building design and construction,improving cost, durability, indoor air quality, and energy efficiency. In addition, the Office encourages green buildingpractices through its Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development, which helps communities create andimplement sustainable development programs. The center will help communities adopt a comprehensive approachto planning—an approach that recognizes the links between energy, environment, economy, and community livability.Information and a “tool kit” on sustainable development is available on the Center’s Internet home page,, or by calling (800) 357-7732.U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyThe Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division (SHEMD) of U.S. EPA is responsible for developing andimplementing the agency’s internal policies, programs, and infrastructure for environmental management and publicand occupational safety and health. SHEMD works closely with all U.S. EPA operating units to provide managementsupport and technical assistance. Through collaborative relationships with other federal, state, and local governmentagencies and organizations, business and industry, educational and research institutions, and other entities, SHEMDjointly develops products and services that have widespread public- and private-sector application. A particularemphasis is placed upon learning, information, and performance-support systems, especially those employing newtechnologies, to help advance the nation’s objectives for a sustainable future.Producing a manual that covers all disciplines involved in the design, construction, and operation of a building is an enormouschallenge. Early in the process it was decided that this book, like a building project, would best be designed and constructedvia a collaborative, integrated effort of practitioners in the field. Many individuals across the building professionsprovided a great deal of assistance and deserve thanks for making the manual a success.A special thanks to Annette Osso, PTI, who provided overall project coordination and management and to DavidGottfried of Gottfried Technology Inc., who managed the USGBC ’s work on the manual. He developed the outlinefor the manual, identified authors, and worked with Lynn Simon to organized the authors’ drafts and reviewers’ commentsto develop a cohesive document. The individual authors also deserve special thanks for working with theUSGBC and PTI, contributing additional information, and reviewing material throughout the process. The AdvisoryCommittee and additional reviewers read and commented on the manual manuscript through several review processes.PTI staff and contractors provided many hours of work to edit and produce the final document. All have workedtogether to provide building professionals in public and private organizations with a document that will further theirgreen building initiatives.A final note of thanks goes to Lou Divone, Bill Becker, and Mary-Margaret Jenior of U.S. DOE and to David ScottSmith of U.S. EPA for their support of green building initiatives in communities around the country.
AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA, EnvironmentalResearch GroupSal Agnello, Johnson ControlsStephen P. Ashkin, Rochester Midland CorporationLucia Athens, University of Georgia, School ofEnvironmental DesignAnthony Bernheim, AIA, Simon Martin – VegueWinkelstein MorisClark C. Bisel, P.E., Flack & Kurtz ConsultingEngineersWilliam Burke, AIA, University of California,Berkeley, Center for Environmental Design andResearchNicholas T. Dines, FASLA, University ofMassachusetts, Department of LandscapeArchitecture and Regional PlanningBruce K. Ferguson, University of Georgia, School ofEnvironmental DesignDaniel J. Goldberger, International Council for LocalEnvironmental InitiativesDavid A. Gottfried, Gottfried Technology Inc.Gerard Heiber, Sigal Environmental, Inc.Lisa Heschong, Heschong Mahone GroupPhillip Jessup, International Council for LocalEnvironmental InitiativesBarbara Lippiatt, National Institute of Standards andTechnologyJohn D. Longman, Cerami & AssociatesDru Meadows, AIA, BSW InternationalMichael Myers, U.S. Department of EnergyWilliam G. Reed, AIA, Hillier GroupDavid Rousseau, Archemy Consulting Ltd.Kim Sorvig, University of New Mexico, School ofArchitecture and PlanningDr. James A. Tshudy, Armstrong World IndustriesAdvisory CommitteeSusan Anderson, city of Portland Energy OfficeJoseph Azzarello, Herman Miller, Inc.Kathy Bakin, American Society of Interior DesignersLarry Blackstad, Hennepin County, MinnesotaWilliam Bobenhausen, Steven Wintor AssociatesHelen English, Passive Solar Industries CouncilSusan Everett, American Society of LandscapeArchitectsRichard Fedrizzi, Carrier CorporationDavid Gottfried, Gottfried Technology Inc.Richard Hays, city of San Diego, CaliforniaGerard Heiber, Sigal Environmental, Inc.Mary-Margaret Jenior, U.S. DOERandy Johnson, Hennepin County, MinnesotaDimitrios Laloudakis, city of Phoenix, ArizonaSteven J. Piguet, Armstrong World IndustriesWilliam G. Reed, AIA, Hillier GroupDouglas Seiter, city of Austin, TexasDavid Scott Smith, U.S. EPAWade Smith, Honeywell Inc.Ross Spiegel, Constructions Specifications InstituteAlan Traugott, Flack & Kurtz Consulting EngineersPaul Tseng, Montgomery County, MarylandDoug Yoder, Metro-Dade County, FloridaA dditional Rev i ewe r sLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA, EnvironmentalResearch GroupAnthony Bernheim, AIA, Simon Martin – VegueWinkelstein MorisWilliam Burke, AIA, ArchitectNancy Carlisle, National Renewable EnergyLaboratoryAnne Sprunt Crawley, U.S. DOEMichael O’Reilly, U.S. EPAPatricia Plympton, National Renewable EnergyLaboratoryAdam Saling, San Diego, CaliforniaDr. James A. Tshudy, Armstrong World IndustriesDonald Watson, FAIA, ArchitectPhil Wirdzek, U.S. EPA
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
Page 3: Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
Page 7 and 8: Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
Page 9 and 10: The industry’s growing sustainabi
Page 11 and 12: OverviewSustainable Building Techni
Page 13 and 14: I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
Page 15 and 16: Locally, public and private leaders
Page 17 and 18: Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
Page 19 and 20: PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
Page 21 and 22: oughly $60 billion each year in med
Page 23 and 24: MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
Page 27 and 28: ology avoids false precision by col
Page 29 and 30: non-dominant alternatives within al
Page 31 and 32: BEES will accommodate different lev
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
Page 35 and 36: Environmental design guidelines, al
Page 37 and 38: the project. The building program s
Page 39 and 40: cise can produce valuable informati
Page 41 and 42: By December 1994, the city’s Depa
Page 43 and 44: PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
Page 45 and 46: The use, scale, and structural syst
Page 47 and 48: RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
Page 49 and 50: ❑ Identify alternative site desig
Page 51 and 52: Building and Site Orientation (see
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
Page 55 and 56:
POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
Page 57 and 58:
SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
Page 59 and 60:
use vary by locality. If rainfall i
Page 61 and 62:
methods of dealing with centralized
Page 63 and 64:
SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
Page 65 and 66:
GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
Page 67 and 68:
Soil fertility not only supports pl
Page 69 and 70:
. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
Page 71 and 72:
❑ Carefully distinguish between l
Page 73 and 74:
Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
Page 75 and 76:
Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
Page 77 and 78:
OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
Page 79 and 80:
As local governments consider site
Page 81 and 82:
■ Provide guidelines for building
Page 83 and 84:
the collection and use of rainwater
Page 85 and 86:
and global warming, by the strategi
Page 87 and 88:
SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
Page 89 and 90:
Passive building design starts with
Page 91 and 92:
Daylighting requires the correct pl
Page 93 and 94:
- Determine the optimal effective a
Page 95 and 96:
controlled by the reflectivity of t
Page 97 and 98:
installations require diffuse glazi
Page 99 and 100:
ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
Page 101 and 102:
shading coefficient. A luminous eff
Page 103 and 104:
8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
Page 105 and 106:
Decisions about construction detail
Page 107 and 108:
❑ Select the proper glazing for w
Page 109 and 110:
guidelines, examples, and reference
Page 111 and 112:
Thermal mass and energy storage are
Page 113 and 114:
❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
Page 117 and 118:
from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
Page 131 and 132:
❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
Page 133 and 134:
❑ Match the quality of light to t
Page 135 and 136:
Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
Page 137 and 138:
Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
Page 139 and 140:
- Energy learning centers with clas
Page 141 and 142:
.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
Page 143 and 144:
These organisms can affect occupant
Page 145 and 146:
Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
Page 147 and 148:
3. International Agency on Research
Page 149 and 150:
- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
Page 151 and 152:
educe the exposure of the interior
Page 153 and 154:
❑ Develop and provide the buildin
Page 155 and 156:
CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
Page 157 and 158:
RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
Page 159 and 160:
❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
Page 161 and 162:
CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
Page 163 and 164:
EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
Page 165 and 166:
the successful completion of each p
Page 167 and 168:
.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
Page 169 and 170:
Much has been written and a great d
Page 171:
LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
Page 174 and 175:
BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
Page 176 and 177:
■ The inventory of input material
Page 178 and 179:
CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
Page 180 and 181:
can be extreme. However, in a hot,
Page 182 and 183:
(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
Page 184 and 185:
❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
Page 186 and 187:
❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
Page 188 and 189:
- Some tile is available with recyc
Page 190 and 191:
- One method of low-emission carpet
Page 192 and 193:
- Tropical hardwoods are common in
Page 194 and 195:
CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
Page 196:
products such as alternative agricu
Page 213 and 214:
CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
Page 215 and 216:
Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
Page 217 and 218:
.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
Page 219 and 220:
PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
Page 223 and 224:
Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
Page 225 and 226:
HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
Page 227 and 228:
- Install motion sensors for securi
Page 229 and 230:
CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
Page 231 and 232:
tractors the option of using multip
Page 233 and 234:
PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
Page 235 and 236:
CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Temperature and Humidity Control- C
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
Page 245 and 246:
While renovation often provides an
Page 247 and 248:
tions. Will be of interest to those
Page 249 and 250:
5.Develop procedures to address acc
Page 251 and 252:
❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
Page 253 and 254:
❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
Page 255 and 256:
sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
Page 257 and 258:
➤The Environmental and Conservati
Page 259 and 260:
PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
Page 261 and 262:
Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
Page 263 and 264:
Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
Page 265 and 266:
A unique feature of the installatio
Page 267 and 268:
Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
Page 269 and 270:
Product CertificationSeveral entiti
Page 271 and 272:
ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
Page 273 and 274:
The systems module simulates the op
Page 275 and 276:
City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
Page 277 and 278:
Studies have indicated that increas
Page 279 and 280:
Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
Page 281 and 282:
Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
Page 283 and 284:
Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
Page 285 and 286:
the “Primary output” of the pre
Page 287 and 288:
Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
Page 289 and 290:
to building owners, designers, and
Page 291:
Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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