Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Etn-presco.net

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➤The American Institute of Architects (AIA) has carried out a series of design charrettes incommunities around the country to increase public and professional awareness of, andinvolvement in, environmental design projects. These intensive, short-term workshopsbring together design professionals, builders, policymakers, financiers, and communityorganizations to explore the benefits of sustainable development practices. AIA designcharrettes have examined a range of projects, including the environmentally sounddevelopment of a water aquifer; redevelopment of neighborhoods, inner-city areas, anddowntown commercial areas; and reuse of a historic courthouse and a closed landfillsite. The charrettes provide an opportunity to develop community support at all levelsfor implementation of green building practices in community projects.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt a resolution or policy to direct future building toward green practices.■ Institute life-cycle cost analysis for procurement of building systems and materials formunicipal projects.■ Build local public support for green buildings by establishing a green building taskforce or support activities of existing local organizations.■ Hold a design charrette to focus attention on local green design efforts for public orprivate building projects.■ Establish a pre-design green team for municipal buildings that includes green designprofessionals, community members, and building occupants.■ Conduct an environmental scan of existing buildings to assess baseline energy andwater usage, indoor air quality, and site characteristics, and to estimate future resourceneeds and costs.■ Conduct a baseline analysis of institutional issues that affect green building policyimplementation—for example, procurement policies, zoning, building codes and standards,operations and maintenance policies, recycling policies, and economic policies.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResources for the Local Government Information chapters are located in the Appendix.
PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction<strong>Sustainable</strong> site planning and design do not impose building design on the site. Rather,they identify the ecological characteristics of the site, determine whether it is appropriatefor its proposed use, and design ways to integrate the building with the site. The intent isto lessen the environmental impact of human activity, while using natural characteristicsof the site to enhance human comfort and health, and potentially provide a significantportion of the building’s energy requirement. Preservation of site resources and conservationof energy and materials in construction and building operations are importantresults of good site design.This section of the manual emphasizes the need to consider the regional and globaleffects of building and development. Far from being merely a location for construction,each site consists of interconnected living systems, all linked to the environmentbeyond the site’s boundaries. The connected outdoor spaces—garden, plaza, greenbelt,and wilderness—also link people, both physically and socially. Keeping a building sitein harmony with its surroundings is vital not only to our environment, but also to oursense of community.The chapters in this section provide practical guidelines for developing site-integratedbuildings and maintaining the ecological integrity of the site. Chapter 5, “<strong>Sustainable</strong>Site Design,” covers pre-design planning: assessment of existing natural and cultural sitecharacteristics, existing infrastructure, and building requirements. Chapter 6, “WaterIssues,” suggests specific methods of protecting natural watersheds, reducing water usageand pollution, and setting up systems to use gray- and blackwater. Chapter 7, “SiteMaterials and Equipment,” discusses environmentally responsible methods of site modification.Practices discussed in Chapters 6 and 7 will be developed during the designphase and carried out during the construction and occupancy phases of a building constructionproject. Chapter 8 provides examples of local government initiatives related tosustainable issues.
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
Page 3 and 4: Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
Page 5 and 6: AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
Page 7 and 8: Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
Page 9 and 10: The industry’s growing sustainabi
Page 11 and 12: OverviewSustainable Building Techni
Page 13 and 14: I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
Page 15 and 16: Locally, public and private leaders
Page 17 and 18: Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
Page 19 and 20: PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
Page 21 and 22: oughly $60 billion each year in med
Page 23 and 24: MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
Page 27 and 28: ology avoids false precision by col
Page 29 and 30: non-dominant alternatives within al
Page 31 and 32: BEES will accommodate different lev
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
Page 35 and 36: Environmental design guidelines, al
Page 37 and 38: the project. The building program s
Page 39 and 40: cise can produce valuable informati
Page 41: By December 1994, the city’s Depa
Page 45 and 46: The use, scale, and structural syst
Page 47 and 48: RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
Page 49 and 50: ❑ Identify alternative site desig
Page 51 and 52: Building and Site Orientation (see
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
Page 55 and 56: POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
Page 57 and 58: SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
Page 59 and 60: use vary by locality. If rainfall i
Page 61 and 62: methods of dealing with centralized
Page 63 and 64: SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
Page 65 and 66: GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
Page 67 and 68: Soil fertility not only supports pl
Page 69 and 70: . ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
Page 71 and 72: ❑ Carefully distinguish between l
Page 73 and 74: Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
Page 75 and 76: Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
Page 77 and 78: OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
Page 79 and 80: As local governments consider site
Page 81 and 82: ■ Provide guidelines for building
Page 83 and 84: the collection and use of rainwater
Page 85 and 86: and global warming, by the strategi
Page 87 and 88: SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
Page 89 and 90: Passive building design starts with
Page 91 and 92: Daylighting requires the correct pl
Page 93 and 94:
- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
Page 97 and 98:
installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
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HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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tractors the option of using multip
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PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
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CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
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While renovation often provides an
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tions. Will be of interest to those
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5.Develop procedures to address acc
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❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
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❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
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➤The Environmental and Conservati
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PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
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Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
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Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
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A unique feature of the installatio
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Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
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Product CertificationSeveral entiti
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ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
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The systems module simulates the op
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City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
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Studies have indicated that increas
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Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
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Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
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Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
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the “Primary output” of the pre
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Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
Page 289 and 290:
to building owners, designers, and
Page 291:
Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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