Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Etn-presco.net

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“Establishing Priorities with Green Buildings.” EnvironmentalBuilding News, September/October 1995.Gerrace, Ann Jones; Rebecca Flora; Robert Kobet, et al. Guidelinesfor Sustainable Development. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Slippery RockFoundation, n.d.Hennepin County, Minnesota. Municipal Strategies forImplementation of the Minneapolis-St. Paul CO 2 Reduction Plan. 94-314.Washington, D.C: Public Technology, Inc., UrbanConsortium Energy Task Force, 1994.Hennepin County, Minnesota. Parks and Public WorksCommission. Hennepin Community Works. Minneapolis, Minn.:Hennepin County, June 1994.International City/County Management Association. P o l l u t i o nPrevention: A Guide for Local Government. Washington, D.C.:International City/County Management Association, 1994.The International Environmental Agency for Local Governments.Saving the Climate, Saving the Cities—A Municipal Agenda: ABriefing Book on Climate Change and the Environment.International Environmental Agency for Local Governments,1 9 9 3 .Ivanovich, Michael; James Wise; Judy Heerwagen; and DavidLantrip. Development of a Protocol for Identifying and AssessingPotential Benefits of Green Buildings. U.S. Department of Energy,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, January 1996.Jacksonville Community Council Inc. “Life in Jacksonville: QualityIndicators for Progress.” Jacksonville, Fla.: Jacksonville Chamberof Commerce, November 1994.Jessup, Philip S. A Survey of Municipal Measures to Reduce Energy Use inB u i l d i n g s. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: International Council forLocal Environmental Initiatives, 1992.Kansas City, Missouri. Modernization of Lighting in MunicipalA u d i t o r i u m. 89-304. Washington, D.C: Public Technology, Inc.,Urban Consortium Energy Task Force, 1989.Lewis, Eleanor J., and Eric Weltman. Forty Ways to Make GovernmentPurchases Green. Washington, D.C.: Center for Study ofResponsive Law, 1992.Maryland State Department of Education. Technical Bulletin: BuildingEcology and School Design. Baltimore, Md.: Maryland StateDepartment of Education, November 1995.———. Technical Bulletin: Maintaining Acceptable Indoor Air QualityDuring the Renovation of a School. Baltimore, Md.: Maryland StateDepartment of Education, July 1995.———. Technical Bulletin: The Maintenance of Heating, Ventilating andAir-Conditioning Systems and Indoor Air Quality in Schools.Baltimore, Md.: Maryland State Department of Education,July 1995.———. Technical Bulletin: Science Laboratories and Indoor Air Qualityin Schools. Baltimore, Md.: Maryland State Department ofEducation, March 1994.———. Technical Bulletin: Self-Evaluation Instrument: Awards Programfor Indoor Air Quality Management in Schools Program. Baltimore,Md.: Maryland State Department of Education, 1996.Minnesota Sustainable Development Initiative. Redefining Progress:Working Toward a Sustainable Future. St. Paul: MinnesotaEnvironmental Quality Board and Minnesota Planning,February 1994.Montgomery County, Maryland. Energy Efficient Building Design: ATransfer Guide for Local Governments. 91-317. Washington, D.C.:Public Technology, Inc., Urban Consortium Energy Task Force,1 9 9 1 .———. Integrated Energy Planning for a New Detention Center. 90-303.Washington, D.C.: Public Technology, Inc., Urban ConsortiumEnergy Task Force, 1990.“Passive Solar Catches on in Re-Planning of ‘Flood Towns.’”Buildings Inside & Out (Passive Solar Industries Council),Summer 1995, 4, 7.Petrovich, Nina L. Introduction to Sustainable Development.Washington, D.C.: National Association of Counties, July 1994.Public Technology, Inc. Cities and Counties: Thinking Globally, ActingL o c a l l y. Washington, D.C.: Public Technology, Inc. 1996.———. Winning Solutions 95. Washington, D.C.: Public Technology,Inc., 1995.———. Winning Solutions 94. Washington, D.C.: Public Technology,Inc., 1994.———. Solutions 93. Washington, D.C.: Public Technology, Inc.,1 9 9 3 .———. Managing Asbestos-Containing Material: A Manual for LocalG o v e r n m e n t . sWashington, D.C.: Public Technology, Inc., 1993.Public Technology, Inc., and U.S. Green Building Council. L o c a lGovernment Sustainable Buildings Guidebook: EnvironmentallyResponsible Building Design and Management. Washington, D.C.:Public Technology, Inc., 1993.Sustainable Seattle. The Sustainable Seattle 1993 Report: Indicators ofSustainable Community: A Report to Citizens on Long Term Trendsin Our Community. Seattle, Wash.: Sustainable Seattle, 1993.Triangle J Council of Governments. “Triangle REPORT.” ResearchTriangle Park, N.C.: Triangle J Council of Governments,Autumn 1995.Triangle J Council of Governments, Design Harmony Architects,and Abacot Architecture. WasteSpec: Model Specifications forConstruction Waste Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling. ResearchTriangle Park, N.C.: Triangle J Council of Governments, 1995.U.S. Department of Energy. Sustainable Energy Strategy: Clean andSecure Energy for a Competitive Economy. Washington, D.C.: GPO,July 1995.U.S. Department of Energy. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.Build up Energy Savings with Residential Standards. DOE/GO-10095-073. Golden, Colo.: U.S. Department of Energy, February1 9 9 3 .———. Solar Access: A Winning Strategy. DOE/CH100093-256.Golden, Colo.: U.S. Department of Energy, December 1993.———. Sustainability Protects Resources for Future Generations.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, April 1995.U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. DenverService Center. Guiding Principles of Sustainable Design. Denver:U.S. Department of the Interior, September 1993.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Indoor Air Division. I n d o o rAir Quality Tools for Schools. EPA 402-K-95-001. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, September 1995.———. Office of Research and Development. Center forEnvironmental Research Information. Handbook: Urban RunoffPollution Prevention and Control Planning. EPA/625/R-93/004.Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,September 1993.Washington State Department of General Administration. “GeneralAdministration Guards Against ‘Sick Building Syndrome.’” PressRelease. Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Department ofGeneral Administration, August 14, 1990.———. “Indoor Air Quality Specifications for Washington StateNatural Resources Building and Labor Industries Building.”Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Department of GeneralAdministration, December 1989.“What’s New in Construction Waste Management.” E n v i r o n m e n t a lBuilding News, November/December 1995.
Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r p t i o n—The process by which incident light energy is convertedto another form of energy, usually heat.Acid leachate—Water that has become acidic after seepage throughlandfills; potentially very damaging to fish habitats and drinkingwater supplies.Active noise cancellation (ANC)—Reducing a sound field throughthe interaction of a primary sound source with an actively controlledidentical secondary sound that is 180 degrees out of phase.A d a p t a t i o n—In lighting design, the process by which the humanvisual system becomes accustomed to more or less light, resultingfrom a change in the sensitivity of the eye to light.A d s o r p t i o n—Adhesion of the molecules of a gas, liquid, or dissolvedsubstance to a surface.A l l e r g e n—A substance capable of causing an allergic reactionbecause of an individual’s sensitivity to that substance.Ambient lighting—Lighting in an area from any source that producesgeneral illumination, as opposed to task lighting.Ancillary Materials—All those additional inputs, materials, items,and things necessary to complete the process and result in the“Primary Output.” (J.A. Tshudy, Part IV, Section C)Artificial sky—An enclosure that simulates the luminance distributionof a real sky for the purpose of testing physical daylightingmodels (e.g., a hemispherical-dome or mirror-box artificial sky).A - W e i g h t i n g—System of modifying measured sound-pressure levelsto simulate the response of the human ear to different soundf r e q u e n c i e s .Bacteria sink—Porous material that allows the growth of biologicalcontaminants within the material.B a f f l e—A single opaque or translucent element used to diffuse orshield a surface from direct or unwanted light.B a k e o u t—A process used to remove VOCs by elevating the temperaturein an unoccupied, fully furnished, and ventilated building.B a l l a s t s—Electrical “starters” required by certain lamp types, especiallyfluorescents.B i o a e r o s o l—An aerosolized particle originating from a living thing.B i o d i v e r s i t y—The tendency in ecosystems, when undisturbed, tohave a great variety of species forming a complex web of interactions.Human population pressure and resource consumptiontend to reduce biodiversity dangerously; diverse communitiesare less subject to catastrophic disruption.B i o e n g i n e e r i n g—The use of living plants, or a combination of livingand non-living materials, to stabilize slopes and drainage ways.Biological contaminants—These include bacteria, viruses, molds,pollen, animal and human dander, insect and arachnid excreta.B l a c k w a t e r— Wastewater generated from toilet flushing.Blackwater has a higher nitrogen and fecal coliform level thangraywater. Some jurisdictions include water from kitchen sinksor laundry facilities in the definition of blackwater.Blown-in batt—A method of installing loose insulation in wall cavities,using a powerful blower and a fabric containment screen.B r i g h t n e s s—The subjective perception of relative luminance in aspace or on a surface.B u i l d i n g—The complete, outfitted, and furnished “Structure,”operational in every way, and ready for immediate occupancyand use. (J.A. Tshudy, Part IV, Section C)Building commissioning (C x )—The startup phase of a new orremodeled building. This phase includes testing and fine-tuningof the HVAC and other systems to assure proper functioningand adherence to design criteria. Commissioning also includespreparation of the system operation manuals and instruction ofthe building maintenance personnel.Building pressurization—The air pressure within a building relativeto the air pressure outside. Positive building pressurization isusually desirable to avoid infiltration of unconditioned andunfiltered air. Positive pressurization is maintained by providingadequate outdoor makeup air to the HVAC system to compensatefor exhaust and leakage.Building-Related Illnesses (BRI)—Clinically verifiable diseases thatare attributed to a specific source or pollutant within a buildingand are more serious than Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) condition.The symptoms of the disease persist after the occupantleaves the building, unlike SBS in which the occupant experiencesrelief shortly after leaving the building.Candela (cd)—The SI unit of luminous intensity (formerly calledthe “candle”). One candela equals one lumen per steradian—aspecific measure of luminous intensity, in a given direction.Ceiling cavity—The cavity formed by the ceiling, the plane of theluminaires, and the wall surfaces between them.C h e c k d a m—Low dam of stone, wood, or other material used forholding and spreading runoff and sediment in a swale.C l e r e s t o r y—That part of a building rising above the roofs or otherparts, whose walls contain windows specifically intended to providelighting to the interior.Closed-loop control—A control system that utilizes measurementof a controlled variable for feedback. Based on the measuredfeedback, the control system alters its output in an attempt toforce the controlled variable to reach a given setpoint.C O 2 -based high-limit ventilation control—A ventilation strategythat monitors the CO2 concentration in a building zone or inthe return air duct from the zone. If the CO 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o napproaches a predetermined high limit, the outdoor airflowcontroller is reset to provide additional ventilation. This processsupplements standard ventilation-control strategies by providingadditional ventilation for unexpected occupancy.Coefficient of utilization (CU)—The ratio of light energy (lumens)from a source, calculated as received on the workplane, to thelight energy emitted by the source alone.Color (temperature of a source)—In general terms, a means ofdefining the relative whiteness of a light source, specifically theabsolute temperature (degrees Kelvin) of a blackbody radiatorhaving a chromaticity equal to that of the light source.Commission Internationale de l'Eclairge (CIE)— I n t e r n a t i o n a llighting commission whose standards, procedures, and definitionsare in general use in Europe, but less widely accepted inNorth America.Constructed wetland—Any of a variety of designed systems thatapproximate natural wetlands, use aquatic plants, and can beused to treat wastewater or runoff.C o n s t r u c t i o n—That complete sequence or series of activities andactions that begin with the building “Site” and results in thecompleted “Structure.” (J.A. Tshudy, Part IV, Section C)Contrast sensitivity—The ability to detect the presence of luminancedifferences.C o - p r o d u c t—All those things that result from the process thatundergo some further processing to be converted to materials orthings that have subsequent use and/or value. (J.A. Tshudy, PartIV, Section C)Cradle-to-grave analysis—Analysis of the impact of a product fromthe beginning of its source gathering processes, through the endof its useful life, to disposal of all waste products. Cradle-to-cradleis a related term signifying the recycling or reuse of materialsat the end of their first useful life.
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
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CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
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ology avoids false precision by col
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non-dominant alternatives within al
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BEES will accommodate different lev
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CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
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Environmental design guidelines, al
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the project. The building program s
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cise can produce valuable informati
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By December 1994, the city’s Depa
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PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
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The use, scale, and structural syst
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RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
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❑ Identify alternative site desig
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Building and Site Orientation (see
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CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
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CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
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Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
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.L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
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PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
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cost, within the tightest time-fram
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Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
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HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
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- Install motion sensors for securi
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Page 231 and 232: tractors the option of using multip
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Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
Page 237 and 238: . ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
Page 239 and 240: Temperature and Humidity Control- C
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Page 243 and 244: ❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
Page 245 and 246: While renovation often provides an
Page 247 and 248: tions. Will be of interest to those
Page 249 and 250: 5.Develop procedures to address acc
Page 251 and 252: ❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
Page 253 and 254: ❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
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Page 259 and 260: PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
Page 261 and 262: Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
Page 263 and 264: Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
Page 265 and 266: A unique feature of the installatio
Page 267 and 268: Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
Page 269 and 270: Product CertificationSeveral entiti
Page 271 and 272: ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
Page 273 and 274: The systems module simulates the op
Page 275 and 276: City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
Page 277 and 278: Studies have indicated that increas
Page 279: Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
Page 283 and 284: Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
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Page 287 and 288: Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
Page 289 and 290: to building owners, designers, and
Page 291: Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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