Sustainable Building Technical Manual - Etn-presco.net

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sharing of knowledge and expertise can actually increase the retrofit’s effectiveness andthe facility manager’s expertise in the long run. Involvement of municipal managers andtheir staff during the entire retrofit (from audit through commissioning) is consideredessential for project success.The ESCO industry has matured tremendously over the past few years. A range of companiesnow offers a wide variety of services to municipalities and private building owners.Municipalities that contract with the ESCOs will find that they:■ offer specialized financial and technical expertise and experience;■ guarantee energy savings and therefore minimize the financial risk;■ offer a range of creative financing options;■ perform building energy audits and suggest cost-effective energy technologies andmeasures; and■ assume the administrative burden of monitoring and verifying energy costs.Lease-Purchase AgreementsLease-purchase agreements offer the local government a “save now, pay later” option forenergy-efficiency projects. Through this arrangement, a third party provides the equipmentfor the efficiency project, and the local government makes payments on the equipmentfrom the savings achieved by the program. At the end of the lease agreement, thelocal government assumes ownership of the equipment or may purchase it for a greatlyreduced price. The two primary benefits of this option are that leases to local governmentsare tax-deductible and, therefore, can often be obtained at a low price. In addition,the lease can be carried off the balance sheet by the local government. (See Chapter25, “The Future of Green <strong>Building</strong>s,” for more information on green leases.)L O CAL A C T I O N S.The following section is an overview of some local government programs that have successfullyused a variety of financing options for green buildings.➤The city of Phoenix, Arizona, established the Energy Conservation SavingsReinvestment Plan in 1984 to promote continuing energy improvements in themunicipal sector. The program received $50,000 in seed money from state oil overchargefunds. Each year, half of the documented savings from each project is returnedto the city’s general fund. The other half is reinvested in the energy-efficiency programfund. By 1986, annual energy savings were over $1 million, which allowed the fund toreach its allowable limit of $500,000 a year (recently raised to $750,000 to compensatefor inflation). The fund has financed retrofits resulting in $18 million of audited savingsfrom 1978 to 1992.➤The Sacramento Municipal Utility District in California established the ConservationPower Financing Program (PFP) in 1990. The PFP provides rebates and loans to privatesector businesses for energy-efficiency projects. The utility began this demand-sidemanagement program because it realized that financing projects that reduce consumerdemand (through retrofit of high-efficiency systems and conservation measures) ismore profitable than increasing energy production to meet demand. While the rebatesfrom this program are being phased out (already down from 75 percent credit oninvestment to 35 percent), building operators throughout the municipality are realizingthe potential energy savings and positive environmental impacts that result evenwithout the rebate.➤The city of Chicago, Illinois, is currently undertaking a comprehensive energy retrofitprogram for its buildings. Part of this program includes a Department of GeneralServices retrofit of 45 police stations and city libraries, funded by bonds and utilityvendors. Debt on the project will be repaid by short-term savings from lighting retrofitsand long-term savings from the installation of digital controls for HVAC systems.
A unique feature of the installation contract is the direct involvement of the city buildingmanagement tradespeople, who will also receive training in the ongoing maintenanceand operation of the control systems. Estimated energy cost savings for just fiveof these retrofitted facilities are $273,700 annually.➤The Environmental and Conservation Services Department in Austin, Texas, assistsmunicipal planners by providing guidelines for energy efficiency systems and greenbuilding practices and products. The city uses life-cycle cost analysis when determiningbudgets and funding for new buildings and the retrofitting of existing buildings.This allows Austin to look beyond the initial costs of materials and systems and focusinstead on long-term sustainability.N OT E.This chapter was adapted from Profiting from Energy Efficiency: A Financing Handbook forM u n i c i p a l i t i e s , Dan J. Goldberger and Philip Jessup, editors (Toronto: InternationalCouncil for Local Environmental Initiatives, 1994).
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SUSTAI ABLEBUILDI GTECH ICALMA UALG
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Ac k n ow l e d g m e n t sFunding
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AuthorsLoren E. Abraham, AIA, IDSA,
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Co n t e n t sAcknowledgments . . .
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The industry’s growing sustainabi
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OverviewSustainable Building Techni
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I➜ R E S O U R C E SIResource lis
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Locally, public and private leaders
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Life-cycle cost analysis—an incre
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PORTLAND TRAILBLAZERS ROSE GARDEN A
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oughly $60 billion each year in med
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MT. AIRY PUBLIC LIBRARYMt. Airy, No
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CHAPTER 2Selecting Env i ronmentall
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ology avoids false precision by col
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non-dominant alternatives within al
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BEES will accommodate different lev
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CHAPTER 3P r e - De s i g n★ S I
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Environmental design guidelines, al
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the project. The building program s
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cise can produce valuable informati
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By December 1994, the city’s Depa
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PART IIISite Is s u e sIntroduction
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The use, scale, and structural syst
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RELATIONSHIP OF LOT SHAPE AND SET-B
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❑ Identify alternative site desig
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Building and Site Orientation (see
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CHAPTER 6Water Is s u e sWatershed
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POROUS ASPHALTFigure 1Porous asphal
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SAMPLE INFILTRATION BASINSource: U.
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use vary by locality. If rainfall i
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methods of dealing with centralized
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SHALLOW TRENCH SECTION VIEWSource:
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GRAY- AND BLACKWATER SYSTEMSBurks,
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Soil fertility not only supports pl
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. ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
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❑ Carefully distinguish between l
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Irrigation Equipment★ S I G N I F
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Photovoltaic (PV) power is generall
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING AND ELECTRICITYMoy
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As local governments consider site
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■ Provide guidelines for building
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the collection and use of rainwater
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and global warming, by the strategi
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SECTION APa s s i ve Solar De s i g
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Passive building design starts with
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Daylighting requires the correct pl
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- Determine the optimal effective a
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controlled by the reflectivity of t
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installations require diffuse glazi
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ADVANCED LIGHT SHELFSource: Interna
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shading coefficient. A luminous eff
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8 Illuminating Engineering Society.
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Decisions about construction detail
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❑ Select the proper glazing for w
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guidelines, examples, and reference
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Thermal mass and energy storage are
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❑ Consider other cooling strategi
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Active Solar Systems★ S I G N I F
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from the storage tank, or by flushi
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P h o t ovo l t a i c s★ S I G N
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Solar Energy Research Institute. Th
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SECTION BBuildings Systems andIndoo
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After the energy crisis, design and
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❑ Optimize system efficiency.HVAC
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❑ Consider thermal energy storage
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❑ Perform a pre-occupancy flushou
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❑ Match the quality of light to t
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Renovation and Retrofit Issues❑ C
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Plumbing Systems★ S I G N I F I C
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- Energy learning centers with clas
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.N OT E SI1 Armory B. Lovins and Ro
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These organisms can affect occupant
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Design PrinciplesDesign for improve
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3. International Agency on Research
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- Clean air shafts, occupied areas
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educe the exposure of the interior
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❑ Develop and provide the buildin
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CHAPTER 14Acoustics★ S I G N I F
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RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BAC
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❑ In highly sound-sensitive areas
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CHAPTER 15BuildingCo m m i s s i o
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT REQUIRE CO
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the successful completion of each p
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.I➜ R E S O U R C E SIPortland En
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Much has been written and a great d
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LIFE-CYCLE OF A BUILDINGNote: See G
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BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE DIAGRAM FOR MAT
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■ The inventory of input material
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CHAPTER 16Ma t e r i a l sIntroduct
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can be extreme. However, in a hot,
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(Refer to the “Environmental Impa
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❑ Resource-efficient options- Det
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❑ Health and pollution issues- Ro
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- Some tile is available with recyc
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- One method of low-emission carpet
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- Tropical hardwoods are common in
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CHAPTER 17S p e c i f i c a t i o n
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products such as alternative agricu
Page 213 and 214: CHAPTER 18Local Gove r n m e n tI n
Page 215 and 216: Building Systems.I M P L E M E N TA
Page 217 and 218: .L O CAL OPTIONS.■ Adopt local gu
Page 219 and 220: PART VThe Co n s t r u c t i o nP r
Page 221 and 222: cost, within the tightest time-fram
Page 223 and 224: Construction-Related Indoor Air Qua
Page 225 and 226: HVAC System Practices❑ Flush out
Page 227 and 228: - Install motion sensors for securi
Page 229 and 230: CHAPTER 20Local Gove r n m e n tI n
Page 231 and 232: tractors the option of using multip
Page 233 and 234: PART VIOperations andMa i n t e n a
Page 235 and 236: CHAPTER 21Building Operationsand Ma
Page 237 and 238: . ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
Page 239 and 240: Temperature and Humidity Control- C
Page 241 and 242: . ☛ SUGGESTED PRACTICES AND CHECK
Page 243 and 244: ❑ Maximize use of daylight.❑ In
Page 245 and 246: While renovation often provides an
Page 247 and 248: tions. Will be of interest to those
Page 249 and 250: 5.Develop procedures to address acc
Page 251 and 252: ❑ Remove dust.Use a vacuum with h
Page 253 and 254: ❑ Remove stains caused by inks, g
Page 255 and 256: sion to non-heavy-metal alternative
Page 257 and 258: ➤The Environmental and Conservati
Page 259 and 260: PART VIIIssues and TrendsIntroducti
Page 261 and 262: Figure 1Front-End CostsSIMPLE CUMUL
Page 263: Table 1PAYMENT TO ENERGY PROV I D E
Page 267 and 268: Building-Rating SystemsGreen buildi
Page 269 and 270: Product CertificationSeveral entiti
Page 271 and 272: ASTM STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENTLif
Page 273 and 274: The systems module simulates the op
Page 275 and 276: City of Oakland—Energy Performanc
Page 277 and 278: Studies have indicated that increas
Page 279 and 280: Appendix 1: Resources for Local Gov
Page 281 and 282: Appendix 2: Gl o s s a r yA b s o r
Page 283 and 284: Generally regarded as safe (GRAS)
Page 285 and 286: the “Primary output” of the pre
Page 287 and 288: Appendix 3: Ab b r ev i a t i o n s
Page 289 and 290: to building owners, designers, and
Page 291: Appendix 6: Rev i ewe r sLoren E. A
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