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Records.-Tamaulipas: Cueva del Ojo de Agua deManantiales and Cueva de los Vampiros.Discussion.-This species is very closely related toS. mexicanus. Rowland (1975a) speculates that thismay represent a high altitude relict of a species ancestralto it and S. mexicanus.Order AmblypygidaThe order Amblypygida is world-wide in distributionbut, like the Schizomida, barely reaches northinto temperate regions. In North America it rangesthroughout Central America into the southern UnitedStates. Epigean amblypygids are found under rocks,on cliff-faces at night, on the walls of buildings, andin culverts and beneath bridges. Cavernicole amblypygidsare seen, frequently in large numbers, alongcave walls, on flowstone mounds, and beneath rocks.Family CharontidaeThe family Charontidae is known from caves onlyby an undescribed troglobite of uncertain generic affinities.It has recently been collected in FootprintCave, Belize.Family PhrynidaeThe described species of amblypygid known fromMexico and Central America include five troglobiticand six troglophilic species belonging to the familyPhrynidae. Several undescribed species, including atleast one troglobite, are known from caves in thisregion.The large, distinctive species Acanthophrynuscoronatus Koch is known from an unidentified limestonecave at Ixtlahutan, Colima. Its ecological statusis unknown.The genus Phrynus is represented in Mexican cavesby a probably undescribed species from Grutas delCocona, Tabasco, and by undetermined specimensfrom several other caves. This genus is much rarer incaves than is Paraphrynus.Mullinex (1975) has revised the genus Paraphrynusfor North America. In addition to the four troglobiteslisted below, she included six species as probable troglophiles.A fifth species of troglobite has since beendescribed from Mexico (Mullinex, 1979). Paraphrynusraptator (pocock) is an extremely abundantspecies in the caves of the Yucatan Peninsula. It isknown from many caves in Campeche, Quintana Roo,and Yucatan, Mexico; and in caves in EI Peten, Guatemala,and Belize. See Fig. 24 for the distribution oftroglophilic Paraphrynus in Mexico, Guatemala, andBelize.Paraphrynus williamsi Mullinex and P. emaciatusMullinex are rare species known only from Grutas deZapaluta, Chiapas, and Cemetery Cave, Alta Verapaz,Guatemala, respectively. The latter species has elongateappendages but is otherwise not adapted forcave life.Paraphrynus mexicanus (Bilimek) is a highly variablespecies with three distinct morphological formsseparated by considerable distributional gaps. Thesethree forms may be eventually given specific recognition.The so-called Cacahuamilpan form has beenfound in caves in Guerrero, Mexico, Oaxaca, andPuebla, Mexico. The other two forms (Arizonan andCuban) have not been found in caves and occur respectivelyin northern Mexico and the southwesternUnited States and in Cuba.Paraphrynus pococki Mullinex is a somewhat variablespecies known only from cave and epigean habitatsin San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas. This is thecommonly occurring species in the caves of the Sierrade EI Abra.Paraphrynus azteca (Pocock) is represented by twodistinct forms. The Isthmus form is known from Chiapas,Tabasco, Oaxaca, and southern Veracruz,Mexico. The Atoyac fonn occurs in more northernVeracruz in the vicinity of Cordoba and Orizaba.Both forms are known from caves. This or a relatedspecies is known from caves in the Cuetzalan area ofPuebla.Paraphrynus baeops MullinexParaphrynus baeops Mullinex, 1975:1,9,26,28-29,43, fig. 27-28, 39.Type.locality.-Sotano de Vasquez, 10 km SEOcampo, Tamaulipas, Mexico.Distribution.-Known from four caves in the Sierrade Guatemala and Sierra de EI Abra, Tamaulipas. SeeFig. 25.Records.-Tamaulipas: Cueva de la Florida, Grutasdel Puente, and Sotano de Vasquez.New record.-Tamaulipas: Sotano de Santa Elena(det. C. Mullinex).Discussion.-This species possesses median eyeswhich are greatly reduced in size and lacking in pigment;furthermore, the median ocular tubercle isabsent.Paraphrynus chacmool (Rowland)Tarantula chacmool Rowland, 1973d:123, 125-126,128, fig. 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17.Paraphrynus chacmool: Mullinex, 1975:43; Reddell,1977b:230, 239, 240, 256, 258, 260, 263, 267,273,276,279,281,282,285,289,293.130
Type-Iocality.-Actlin Kaua, Yucatan, Mexico.Distribution.-Known from caves in Quintana Rooand Yucatan. See Fig. 25.Records.-Yucauin: Cenote de Aka Chen, Grutasde Balankanche, Cenote Calchum, Cenote Chen Mul,Actlin Chukum, Cenote de Hoctun, Actlin Kaua,ActUn Sabaca, Cenote de Sihunchen, Cueva de Tecoh,Grutas de Tzab-Nah, Actun Xpukil, Cenote Xtacabiha,and Actlin Ziz.New records.-Quintana Roo: Cenote de Las Ruinas;Yucatan: Cenote de Catzin and Cueva Escondida(det. C. Mullinex).Discussion.-Most of these caves are also inhabitedby P. raptator. The eyes of this species are greatly reducedin size and are depigmented; the ocular tubercleis nearly obsolete; the body is generally depigmented;and the appendages are elongated.Paraphrynus chiztun (Rowland)Tarantula chiztun Rowland, 1973d:125, 126, 128,fig. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,14,16,18.Paraphrynus chiztun: Mullinex, 1975:43.Type-Iocality.-Las Grutas de Cocona, Teapa, Tabasco,Mexico.Distribution.-Known only from the type-locality.See Fig. 25.Discussion.-This species is apparently mostclosely related to P. chacmool, but its relationship toMEXICOGUATEMALA.s //(/,..'.;..-'r'"'Fig. 24.-Distribution of troglophilic amblypygids of the family Phrynidae: 1, Paraphrynus pococki; 2, Paraphrynus mexicanus;3, Paraphrynus azteca; 4, Paraphrynus williamsi; 5, Paraphrynus emaciatus; 6, Paraphrynus raptator; 7. Phrynus sp.131
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A REVIEW OF THECAVERNICOLE FAUNA OF
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. 1-----,, ,", ,\'"I/I~" )/Fig. I.-
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collected a troglobitic cirolanid i
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C. Bolivar and J. Carranza investig
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springs in the vicinity of Cautro C
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Cueva del Diablo near Orizaba, Vera
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Those species of troglobite which h
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Table 2.-(continued)1970. Eodrilus
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CAVE REGIONSOnly the cave regions o
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Table 3.-(continued)TroglobitesTrog
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y the waters of the Amistad Reservo
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Although a few caves in the Norther
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an elevation of about 900 meters. T
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the gryllid cricket Paracophus suba
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has been Jiscussed by Segerstrom (1
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only apparent troglophile is the ps
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The cave fauna of this region is ri
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igneous rock immediately east of th
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Rio Soto la Marina and terminates a
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caves studied are many large stream
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unusual species is Neogovea mexasca
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pallidus Rowland, the nesticid spid
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troglobites: the trichoniscid isopo
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Cambridge, and Pholcophora bispinos
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of the genus Lutzomyia has not been
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The principal cavernous fonnation i
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ocks of Paleocene to Pliocene age.
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Beach and Supra-tidal Zone, the I\o
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The aquatic fauna of Mexico and Cen
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oaxacae Hobbs from the Valle Nacion
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described, the genus occurs in cave
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large genus with numerous epigean s
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milliped, laniatorid harvestmen, an
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Table 4.-Summary of cave inhabiting
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Discussion.-This large, troglobitic
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any way a part of the true cave fau
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they have been washed in with soil
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part of the aquatic fauna. A very l
Page 86 and 87: The genus Helicodiscus is a signifi
Page 88 and 89: associated with true cave waters. P
Page 90 and 91: Family DaphnidaeWilson (1936) repor
Page 92 and 93: tul), Cueva de San Isidro, Cueva de
Page 94 and 95: 30 m below entrance of Cueva de la
Page 96 and 97: underflow of rivers, alluvial grave
Page 98 and 99: the similarities between the distri
Page 100 and 101: Yucatan but did not identify the sp
Page 102 and 103: Protrichoniscus: Reddell, 1967a:24.
Page 104 and 105: It indudes five spccies, of which t
Page 106 and 107: Type-locality.-Pozzo, Etla, Oaxaca,
Page 108 and 109: Records.-Campeche: Volc
Page 110 and 111: 164; Pearse, 1945:167, 168, fig. 13
Page 112 and 113: Family AtyidaeThe family Atyidae is
Page 115 and 116: Creaseria morleyi (Creaser)Blind sh
Page 117 and 118: the pond which is fed by the cave s
Page 119 and 120: philes. Pseudothelphusa (Pseudothel
Page 121 and 122: Typhlochactas elliotti MitchellTyph
Page 123 and 124: Distribution.-Known only from the t
Page 125 and 126: (Dumitresco and Orghidan, 1977); th
Page 127 and 128: Leucohya magnifica MuchmoreUndescri
Page 129 and 130: Discussion.-This is the largest spe
Page 131 and 132: Type-Iocality.-S6tano de Huitzmolot
Page 133 and 134: Bartolo is a name applied to two ne
Page 135: Rowland, 1975b:19, 20; Dumitresco,
Page 139 and 140: Distribution.-Known only from caves
Page 141 and 142: een collected. It is frequently fou
Page 143 and 144: Distribution.-Known from two caves
Page 146 and 147: actually a natural cave artificiall
Page 148 and 149: Discussion.-This large species has
Page 150 and 151: and T. patellaris Bryant from caves
Page 152 and 153: estricted to the Mexican Plateau (s
Page 154 and 155: maya Chamberlin and Ivie from Campe
Page 156 and 157: Metagonia chiquita GertschMetagonia
Page 158 and 159: Metagonia capilla: Mitchell and Kaw
Page 160 and 161: the cave and in general association
Page 162 and 163: DiscWlSion.-This is a delicate, eye
Page 164 and 165: Type-Iocality.-Cueva de Los Sabinos
Page 166 and 167: family. Clarence and Marie Goodnigh
Page 168 and 169: n. 2, San Luis Potosi; and K. rugos
Page 170 and 171: Type-locality.-Cueva de Apoala, San
Page 172 and 173: Records.-Chiapas: Sumidero de Canad
Page 174 and 175: Family HeterozerconidaeSpecimens of
Page 176 and 177: only one species. All known epigean
Page 178 and 179: nation must await study, but it is
Page 180 and 181: Mexico and Guatemala, and several u
Page 182 and 183: Type-locality.-Gruta de Atoyac, Ver
Page 184 and 185: Records.-San Luis PotOSI: Sotano de
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Records.-Veracruz: Grutas de Atoyac
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the genus Synoptura and removed the
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known from caves all contain troglo
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las Perlas, Cueva Chica de la Perra
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Discussion.-This species is distinc
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Speodesmus pecki ShearPolydesmidae,
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appears to be most closely related
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this is almost certainly M. russell
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Table 21.-Summary of cave inhabitin
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Type-Iocality.-Cueva Bonita del Pre
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Type-Iocality.-Cueva de El Jobo, El
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Order DipluraFamily CampodeidaeAlth
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of small soil inhabiting japygoids
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(Linnaeus) has been collected from
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Cave. Paracophus caecus appears to
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the most poorly known species in th
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Family EpipsocidaeThe family Epipso
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citata Van Tyne in Cenote de Piste,
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een found in caves and mines in Yuc
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ground dwelling habit, many beetles
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Type-Iocality.-Sotano de Tejamanil,
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Vigna Taglianti, 1972:118, 121-127,
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Veracruz) belongs in another subgen
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Troglobacanius sbordonii VomeroTrog
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Ptomaphagus (Adelops) is a group of
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(A.) speLaeus, from Grutas de Cacah
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epresented by many species. Tenebri
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Myodopsylla gentilis Jordan and Rot
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genus Pholeomyia have been collecte
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Wheeler (1938) has reported the pre
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263.264, 265, 267, 270, 273, fig. 5
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Anophthyctys jordani: Stefanelli, 1
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Prietella phreatophila Carranza, 19
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TyphlilJs: Pearse, 1938a:13, 15; Hu
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Family BufonidaeFour species of toa
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Oaxaca; and E. yucatanensis Lynch f
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sity of bats in the tropics. In add
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Three species of short-tailed bats
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abundant in the entrance area of Cu
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Andrews, E. W., IV. 1970. Balankanc
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Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1940. Explor
Page 268 and 269:
Brignoli, P. M. 1979a. The morpholo
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Conde, B. 1975. Description du prem
Page 272 and 273:
Ediger, G. 1970. The Birthday Passa
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Gonzalez Ochoa, A. 1963b. Relacione
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Hobbs, H. H.,Jr., and T. C. Barr, J
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Jordan, c. B. 1937. Bringing in the
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McKenzie, D. 1965a. Caves of the Si
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Monod, T. 1975. Sur la distribution
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Peck, S. B., and J. J. Lewis. 1977.
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Reddell, J. R., and W. R. Elliott.
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Sanborn, C. C. 1936. Records and me
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Stone, B. 1979. The 1979 San Agusti
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Villa R., B. 1956. Una extrana y se
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Wimsatt, W. A. 1969. Transient beha
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+*Cueva de los Chivos, 5 km E Altam
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Sumidero Yochib, Yochib, 8 km NE Te
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Serrania del Burro RegionCave, Haci
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+Cueva de Tezoapa, 1.5 km E Acahuiz
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*Gruta Sur de San Bartolo, 9 km S S
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*Cueva del Puente de Fierro, 1.5 km
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Cueva de los Riscos, 2 km S Rancho
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Cueva de El Coy-see Cueva del Nacun
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+*Cueva del Aire, 1.8 km at S85°W
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*Sistema Purificacion, Conrado Cast
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*Cueva del Nacimiento del Rio Frio,
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Sotano de Humo, 5 km NW San Andres,
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and Bohor, 1975:25-27, 26m; Reddell
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*Actun Xpukil, 3 km S Calcehtok, Mp
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Appendix 2LIST OF TROGLOBITES BY ST
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Paravachonium superbum-I'seudoscorp
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SUPPLEMENTWhile this manuscript was
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Cambala speobia (Chamberlin) (p. 19
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mida (Arachnida) in the New World.
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