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(Linnaeus) has been collected from Cueva de SanRafael de los Castros, Tamaulipas. Pycnoscelus surinamensis(Linnaeus) was found in the entrance room ofBee Cave, Tamaulipas; it has also been reported byFisk (1977) from caves in Chiapas, Mexico, and Huehuetenango,Guatemala; and by Fisk (pers. comm.)from Cueva de Taninul n. 1, San Luis Potosi, andCueva de EI Pachon, Tamaulipas. An undescribedspecies of Panchlora was reported from Las TresCuevas (=Cueva de Sala de Agua Grande), Veracruz(Fisk, 1977).Family BlatteUidaeUndetermined species of the genera Chorisoneura,Ischnoptera, and Latiblatella have been collectedfrom caves in several parts of Mexico. Fisk (1977)reported undetermined species of A naplecta, Euthlastoblatta,and Ischnoptera from caves in Chiapas.Agalopteryx chiapas was described by Fisk (1977)from five caves in Chiapas. Nesomylacris reddelli wasdescribed by Fisk and Gurney (1972) from Cuevade EI Pachon, Tamaulipas. Fisk (1977) described N.lateralis from Cueva de Chital n. 1, Chiapas. Pseudomopsseptentrionalis Hebard has been collected fromcaves in San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas. Fisk (1977)described P. nigrimaculis from Cueva del Aguacero,Chiapas. The most remarkable roach known fromMexican caves is a delicate, eyeless species of thegenus Nelipophygus, unfortunately known onlyfrom one nymph collected in Cueva de Chital n. 2,Chiapas (Fisk, 1977). This is the first species of thegenus known from mainland North America. An undescribedtroglobite of the genus is known fromcaves on Jamaica. Other troglobitic roaches areknown from Hawaiian caves.Family BlattidaeThis family is known from Mexican caves only byan undetermined species of Periplaneta from SanLuis Potosi and Tamaulipas.Family PolyphagidaeThe family Polyphagidae is well represented inMexican caves. The genus Arenivaga is frequentlycollected from the dry entrance areas of caves inCoahuila and Durango. Holocompsa azteca Saussurewas reported from Cueva del Venado, Chiapas (Fisk,1977). Holocompsa zapoteca Saussure was found inmany caves in Yucatan (Pearse, 1938b) and in Cuevadel Sabin, Chiapas (Fisk, 1977). Homoeogamia mexicanaBurmeister has heen found in caves in Guerrero,Hidalgo, Mexico, Michoacan, and San Luis Potosi.Table 23.-Summary of cave inhabiting Saltatoria.TroglobitesOther SpeciesAcrididae 0 1Gryllidae 4 14Rhaphidophoridae 0 21StenopelJuatidae 0 3Tettigoniidae 0 1Total 4 40Order IsopteraFamily TennitidaeTermites are rarely collected from rotten woodwashed into caves. The only Mexican record is of afew workers of the family Termitidae collected fromCenote Amil, Yucatan.Order MantodeaFamily MantidaeImmature and unidentified mantids have beencollected rarely from the entrance area of caves.Pearse (1938b) reported a specimen from AccinSabaca, Yucatan.Order DennapteraFamily ForficulidaeTwo species of this family of earwigs have beencollected from caves in Mexico: Ancistogaster sp. d.toltecus (Scudder) from Cueva de la Puente, San LuisPotosi; and A. impennis Bormas from Cueva de Carnicerias,San Luis Potosi. Both species are probablytrogloxenes.Family LabiduridaeThe only species of this family recorded fromMexican caves is Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) fromGrutas de Juxtlahuaca, Guerrero. Its ecological statusis unknown.Family LabiidaeThis family is represented in Mexican caves onlyby Labia rotundata Scudder from Pozo Melendez,Guerrero. It is probably an accidental.Order PlecopteraFamily PerlidaeThe only stone fly recorded from Mexican cavesis Anacroneuria sp., collected from the entrance areaof Sima Esteban, Puehla. It is prohably an accidental.206
Order SaltatoriaThe cricket fauna of Mexico and Central Americais poorly known, and the 41 species identified to daterepresent only a small percentage of the actual numberof species which inhabit caves in this region (seeTable 23). Extensive collections await study.Family AcrididaeA single species of the family Acrididae, Necaxacrissp. d. micans (Hebard), has been collected inSotano del Profesor, Veracruz. It is certainly an accidental.Family GryUidaeThe family Gryllidae is well represented in thecaves of Mexico and Central America. The most commonlycollected genera are Paracophus and Amphiacusta.Paracophus includes three troglobitic and fivedescribed troglophilic species in northeastern Mexico(Hubbell, 1972). Additional collections include undescribedspecies of troglophile. Paracophus apterusChopard is known from many caves in San Luis Potosiand Tamaulipas; P. placonotus Hubbell is abundantin the caves of the Xilitla region in San LuisPotosi and Queretaro; P. reddelli Hubbell is knownfrom two caves at low elevations in the Sierra deGuatemala, Tamaulipas; P. sanctorum Hubbell isknown only from Cueva de la Virgen, Tamaulipas;and P. subapterus Chopard occurs in caves in NuevoLeon and Coahuila. The crickets of the genus Paracophusare usually found in darkness under rocksand on silt banks. Troglobitic species are more frequentlyseen on the walls and on speleothems.Paracophus apterus and P. placonotus are the onlyspecies which have been collected from epigeanforest habitats. The only other troglobitic gryllidin Mexico is Tohila atelomma from Yucatan. SeeFigs. 69-70 for localities of Paracophus and Tohilain Mexico.The genus Amphiacusta ranges from Belize andGuatemala north into southern Tamaulipas, Mexico.It is frequently found near cave entrances where itmay be heard stridulating. Four species have beenidentified from caves in Mexico; many other speciesfrom Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico remain to bedescribed. Chopard (1947) reported A. azteca Saussurefrom a cave at Tepoztlan, Morelos; A. bolivariChopard from Grutas de Atoyac, Veracruz; and A.maya Hubbell from Cueva de Berriozabal, Chiapas.Hubbell (1938) described A. yucatana from numerouscaves in Yucatan; it is also now known fromcaves in Campeche. Amphiacusta bolivari has beenreported by Hubbell (1972) from several additionalcaves near Orizaba and Cordoba, Veracruz. Saussure(1897) described Arachnomimu8 cavicola fromGrutas de Lanquin, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Thecorrect generic assignment of this species is still indoubt. See Fig. 71 for the localities of Amphiacustaand Arachnomimus in the caves of Mexico and Guatemala.Undetermined species of Cycloptilum,Gryllus, Miogryllus, and Nemobius have been collectedfrom various caves in Mexico; all are probablyaccidentals.Paracophus caecus HubbellParacophus undescribed species: Reddell, 1966a:14.Paracophus sp.: Reddell, 1971b:55 (Harrison Sinkhole,Sotano de la Joya de Salas, Sotano del Molino,Cueva del Nacimiento del Rio Frio, andSotano de las Piftas (=Pinos) records only]; Reddelland Mitchell, 1971b:191, fig. 16.Paracophus sp. A: Reddell, 1967c:55.Paracophus sp. B: Reddell, 1967c:55.Paracophus caecus Hubbell, 1972:51,52,57,58,67,70, 76, 77, 80-84, 86, 87, fig. 1(4), 2(17), 3(28),5(37); Mitchell and Kawakatsu, 1973a:671; Mitchelland Reddell, 1973b:frontispiece; Reddell,1973a:35, 40; Reddell and Elliott, 1973b:182,186; Vomero, 1974:341,350.Paracophus, troglobio: Fernandez Ruiz, 1976:717.Type-Iocality.-Sotano de la Joya de Salas, Tamaulipas,Mexico.Distribution.-Known from caves in the Sierra deGuatemala, Tamaulipas. See Fig. 69.Records.-Tamaulipas: Cave at Rancho del Cielo,Bee Cave, Cueva de la Capilla, Crystal Cave, Sotanode Gomez Farias, Harrison Sinkhole, Cueva del Infiernillo,Sotano de la Joya de Salas, Cueva de laMina, Sotano del Molino, Cueva del Nacimiento delRio Frio, Sotano de los Pinos, Cueva del Ojo de Aguade Manantiales, Cueva de los Vampiros, and WetCave.Discussion.-This is the only eyeless gryllid in theNew World. It is also wingless and very pale withelongate appendages. The genus Paracophus is mostclosely related to the Yucatan cave genus Tohila. Allof the troglobitic species apparently evolved in thehigher mountains and, with the exception of sixpopulations of P. caecus, are known only from highelevations. It is interesting that some of the lowlandpopulations of P. caecus are also somewhat less paleand delicate, indicating that they have maintainedcontact with the parent species longer. Paracophuscaecus has been taken in association with P. apterusin Sotano de Gomez Farias, Cueva del Nacimiento delRio Frio, Cueva del Ojo de Agua de Manantiales, andCueva de los Vampiros; and with P. reddelli in Bee207
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A REVIEW OF THECAVERNICOLE FAUNA OF
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. 1-----,, ,", ,\'"I/I~" )/Fig. I.-
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collected a troglobitic cirolanid i
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C. Bolivar and J. Carranza investig
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springs in the vicinity of Cautro C
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Cueva del Diablo near Orizaba, Vera
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Those species of troglobite which h
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Table 2.-(continued)1970. Eodrilus
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CAVE REGIONSOnly the cave regions o
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Table 3.-(continued)TroglobitesTrog
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y the waters of the Amistad Reservo
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Although a few caves in the Norther
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an elevation of about 900 meters. T
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the gryllid cricket Paracophus suba
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has been Jiscussed by Segerstrom (1
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only apparent troglophile is the ps
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The cave fauna of this region is ri
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igneous rock immediately east of th
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Rio Soto la Marina and terminates a
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caves studied are many large stream
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unusual species is Neogovea mexasca
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pallidus Rowland, the nesticid spid
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troglobites: the trichoniscid isopo
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Cambridge, and Pholcophora bispinos
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of the genus Lutzomyia has not been
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The principal cavernous fonnation i
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ocks of Paleocene to Pliocene age.
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Beach and Supra-tidal Zone, the I\o
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The aquatic fauna of Mexico and Cen
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oaxacae Hobbs from the Valle Nacion
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described, the genus occurs in cave
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large genus with numerous epigean s
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milliped, laniatorid harvestmen, an
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Table 4.-Summary of cave inhabiting
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Discussion.-This large, troglobitic
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any way a part of the true cave fau
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they have been washed in with soil
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part of the aquatic fauna. A very l
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The genus Helicodiscus is a signifi
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associated with true cave waters. P
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Family DaphnidaeWilson (1936) repor
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tul), Cueva de San Isidro, Cueva de
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30 m below entrance of Cueva de la
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underflow of rivers, alluvial grave
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the similarities between the distri
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Yucatan but did not identify the sp
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Protrichoniscus: Reddell, 1967a:24.
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It indudes five spccies, of which t
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Type-locality.-Pozzo, Etla, Oaxaca,
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Records.-Campeche: Volc
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164; Pearse, 1945:167, 168, fig. 13
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Family AtyidaeThe family Atyidae is
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Creaseria morleyi (Creaser)Blind sh
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the pond which is fed by the cave s
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philes. Pseudothelphusa (Pseudothel
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Typhlochactas elliotti MitchellTyph
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Distribution.-Known only from the t
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(Dumitresco and Orghidan, 1977); th
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Leucohya magnifica MuchmoreUndescri
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Discussion.-This is the largest spe
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Type-Iocality.-S6tano de Huitzmolot
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Bartolo is a name applied to two ne
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Rowland, 1975b:19, 20; Dumitresco,
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Type-Iocality.-Actlin Kaua, Yucatan
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Distribution.-Known only from caves
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een collected. It is frequently fou
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Distribution.-Known from two caves
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actually a natural cave artificiall
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Discussion.-This large species has
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and T. patellaris Bryant from caves
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estricted to the Mexican Plateau (s
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maya Chamberlin and Ivie from Campe
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Metagonia chiquita GertschMetagonia
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Metagonia capilla: Mitchell and Kaw
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the cave and in general association
Page 162 and 163: DiscWlSion.-This is a delicate, eye
Page 164 and 165: Type-Iocality.-Cueva de Los Sabinos
Page 166 and 167: family. Clarence and Marie Goodnigh
Page 168 and 169: n. 2, San Luis Potosi; and K. rugos
Page 170 and 171: Type-locality.-Cueva de Apoala, San
Page 172 and 173: Records.-Chiapas: Sumidero de Canad
Page 174 and 175: Family HeterozerconidaeSpecimens of
Page 176 and 177: only one species. All known epigean
Page 178 and 179: nation must await study, but it is
Page 180 and 181: Mexico and Guatemala, and several u
Page 182 and 183: Type-locality.-Gruta de Atoyac, Ver
Page 184 and 185: Records.-San Luis PotOSI: Sotano de
Page 186 and 187: Records.-Veracruz: Grutas de Atoyac
Page 188 and 189: the genus Synoptura and removed the
Page 190 and 191: known from caves all contain troglo
Page 192 and 193: las Perlas, Cueva Chica de la Perra
Page 194 and 195: Discussion.-This species is distinc
Page 196 and 197: Speodesmus pecki ShearPolydesmidae,
Page 198 and 199: appears to be most closely related
Page 200 and 201: this is almost certainly M. russell
Page 202 and 203: Table 21.-Summary of cave inhabitin
Page 204 and 205: Type-Iocality.-Cueva Bonita del Pre
Page 206 and 207: Type-Iocality.-Cueva de El Jobo, El
Page 208 and 209: Order DipluraFamily CampodeidaeAlth
Page 210 and 211: of small soil inhabiting japygoids
Page 214 and 215: Cave. Paracophus caecus appears to
Page 216 and 217: the most poorly known species in th
Page 218 and 219: Family EpipsocidaeThe family Epipso
Page 220 and 221: citata Van Tyne in Cenote de Piste,
Page 222 and 223: een found in caves and mines in Yuc
Page 224 and 225: ground dwelling habit, many beetles
Page 226 and 227: Type-Iocality.-Sotano de Tejamanil,
Page 228 and 229: Vigna Taglianti, 1972:118, 121-127,
Page 230 and 231: Veracruz) belongs in another subgen
Page 232 and 233: Troglobacanius sbordonii VomeroTrog
Page 234 and 235: Ptomaphagus (Adelops) is a group of
Page 236 and 237: (A.) speLaeus, from Grutas de Cacah
Page 238 and 239: epresented by many species. Tenebri
Page 240 and 241: Myodopsylla gentilis Jordan and Rot
Page 242 and 243: genus Pholeomyia have been collecte
Page 244 and 245: Wheeler (1938) has reported the pre
Page 246 and 247: 263.264, 265, 267, 270, 273, fig. 5
Page 248 and 249: Anophthyctys jordani: Stefanelli, 1
Page 250 and 251: Prietella phreatophila Carranza, 19
Page 252 and 253: TyphlilJs: Pearse, 1938a:13, 15; Hu
Page 254 and 255: Family BufonidaeFour species of toa
Page 256 and 257: Oaxaca; and E. yucatanensis Lynch f
Page 258 and 259: sity of bats in the tropics. In add
Page 260 and 261: Three species of short-tailed bats
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abundant in the entrance area of Cu
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Andrews, E. W., IV. 1970. Balankanc
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Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1940. Explor
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Brignoli, P. M. 1979a. The morpholo
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Conde, B. 1975. Description du prem
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Ediger, G. 1970. The Birthday Passa
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Gonzalez Ochoa, A. 1963b. Relacione
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Hobbs, H. H.,Jr., and T. C. Barr, J
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Jordan, c. B. 1937. Bringing in the
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McKenzie, D. 1965a. Caves of the Si
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Monod, T. 1975. Sur la distribution
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Peck, S. B., and J. J. Lewis. 1977.
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Reddell, J. R., and W. R. Elliott.
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Sanborn, C. C. 1936. Records and me
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Stone, B. 1979. The 1979 San Agusti
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Villa R., B. 1956. Una extrana y se
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Wimsatt, W. A. 1969. Transient beha
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+*Cueva de los Chivos, 5 km E Altam
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Sumidero Yochib, Yochib, 8 km NE Te
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Serrania del Burro RegionCave, Haci
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+Cueva de Tezoapa, 1.5 km E Acahuiz
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*Gruta Sur de San Bartolo, 9 km S S
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*Cueva del Puente de Fierro, 1.5 km
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Cueva de los Riscos, 2 km S Rancho
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Cueva de El Coy-see Cueva del Nacun
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+*Cueva del Aire, 1.8 km at S85°W
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*Sistema Purificacion, Conrado Cast
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*Cueva del Nacimiento del Rio Frio,
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Sotano de Humo, 5 km NW San Andres,
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and Bohor, 1975:25-27, 26m; Reddell
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*Actun Xpukil, 3 km S Calcehtok, Mp
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Appendix 2LIST OF TROGLOBITES BY ST
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Paravachonium superbum-I'seudoscorp
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SUPPLEMENTWhile this manuscript was
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Cambala speobia (Chamberlin) (p. 19
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mida (Arachnida) in the New World.
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