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undescribed genus and species of chactid scorpion; asecond species of the same genus is known from thePurificacion region to the north. The troglophilefauna is typical of the general region and includes thecrayfish Procambarus (Ortmannicus) villalobosiHobbs, the amblypy¢d Paraphrynus pococki l\Iullinex.the ctenid spider Ctenus mitchelli Gertsch, thenesticid spiders Eidmannella pallida (Emerton) andGaucelmus augustinus Keyserling, the opilionidsKaros gratiosus Goodnight and Goodnight and K.projectus Goodnight and Goodnight, and the gryllidcricket Paracophus placonotus Hubbell.Sierra de Alvarez, San Luis Potosl.-This is one ofthe westernmost ranges of the Sierra Madre Orie~taland is located east of the city of San Luis PotosI.Karst development is considerablt~, with most drainagebeing subterranean. Karst <strong>for</strong>ms include dolinas,sinking streams, lapiez, and pinnacles. The greatestdevelopment is in an area known as Valle de los Fantasmas,where numerous pinnacles brive an eerieappearance during times of fog. The caves arc <strong>for</strong>medin the El Abra (=El Doctor) Limestone. Cserna andBello-Barradas (1963) have studied the regionalgeology. Brief descriptions of the caves and a checklistof the fauna are in Elliott and Reddell (1973).There have been 26 caves investigated biologically;these range in elevation from 2,100 to 2,350 meters.This is one of the hetter-known regions in Mexicowith respect to its invertebrate cave fauna, with 95species having been identified. Of these, only two aretroglobites: the trichopetalid milliped JIJexiterpesegeo (Causey) and the trechine beetle Mexaphaenopsfishi Barr. Both belong to genera known from otherparts of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The rarity of troglobitesin this high altitude region is surprising, butmay be a reflection of greater aridity and less diverseflora. The troglophile fauna is also typical of theSierra Madre Oriental. It includes the tarantulaSchizopelma elliotti Gertsch; the agelenid spiderTegenaria selva Roth; the mysmenid spider Maymenachica Gertsch; the nesticid spider Eidmannella pallida(Emerton); the pholcid spiders Coryssocnemis abernathyiGertsch, Metagonia punctata Gertsch, andPsilochorus concinnus Gertsch; the opilionids Cynortajamesoni Goodnight and Goodnight and Karosparous Goodnight and Goodnight; millipeds of thegenera Myrmecodesmus, Strongylodesmus, and Tiphallus;the collembolan Pseudosinella reddelliChristiansen: and carabid beetles of the generaBembidion, Platynus, and Platynus (Mexisphodrus).Sierra EI Pino, San Luis Potosi.-This region is amountain range east of Ciudad del Maiz with elevationsfrom about 1,100 to 1,900 meters. The regionremains poorly knvwn, and only six caves have beenvisited. Large sinkholes are known on top of therange but are unvisited. Water falling on the westernside of the range drains into a closed lake or intocaves located in a wide, shallow arroyo. Two of thesecaves and a few on the slopes of the mountain havebeen studied.The fauna of the region includes two aquatic andthree terrestrial troglobites: the entocytherid ostracodSphaeromicola cirolanae Rioja, the cirolanidisopod Speocirolana pelaezi (Bolivar), a trichopolydesmidmilliped, the collembolan Pseudosinellapetrustrinatii Christiansen. and the gryllid cricketParacophus lippus Hubbell. All are typical representativesof the fauna of the Sierra Madre Oriental.The troglophile fauna includes the ctenid spiderCtenus mitchelli Gertsch, the gryllid cricket Paracophusn. sp., the scydmaenid beetle Euconnus(Napochus) sp., the scarabaeid beetle Onthoplwguscuevensis II owden, and staphylinid beetles of thegenus Belonuchus.Xilitla, San Luis Potosi.-The Xilitla region is oneof the great karst regions in ~orth America. l\lassivereef deposits of Cretaceous EI Ahra (=EI Doctor)Limestone are highly cavernous, and numerous majorcaves and pits ex ist in the region. As considered inthis report, the region ex tends west from the easternface of the Sierra Madre Oriental to near the SanLuis Potosi-Queretaro border just past the town ofAhuacatLin. It is bordered on the north by the hill:hXilitla Plateau, on the west by the Laguna Coloradoregion, and on the south by the Rio .\Ioctezuma.Elevations range from about 100 to ahout 1,200meters. Much of the drainage is subterranean, withwater emerging from large springs, sOlTle vauclusian innature, along the east face of the range. Karst developmentis frequently intense with large dolinas, sinkholes,lapiez, and pinnacles present. Although severallarge caves exist, drainage does not appear to he ashighly integrated as in the Purificacion region, and nosystems to rival that of the Sistema Puri ficaciilll arclikely. In addition to numerous vertical shafts, somemore than 100 meters in depth, large chambers andvertical cave systems exist. Among the more importantcaves are Sotano de Huitzmolotitla with morethan three kilometers of passage and Sotano de rlamayawith a vertical depth of about -t.00 meters.Carrasco (1970) has discussed the stratigraphy of thegeneral area and concluded that the name El Ahrashould be applied to the limestone of the area. Ronet(1953a) has discussed the geology and physiography,and includes maps and descriptions of many of thecaves. Russell and Raines (1967) add infonnation ongeology and descnbe additional caves.34
The cave fauna of this region is rich and, comparedto many other parts of Mexico, well known. Collectionshave been made in 31 caves and 163 specieshave been identified, of which 18 are troglobites.The fauna, both troglobitic and troglophilic, is typicalof that of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The only aquatictroglobite known from the region is the endemicacanthodrilid earthworm Eodrilus mexicanus Gates.The terrestrial troglohite fauna includes nine endemicspecies: the squamiferid isopod 1'richorhina bonetiRioja, the chthoniid pseudoscorpion Tyrannochthoniuspallidus J\luchmore, the protoschizomid Agastoschizomushuitzmolotitlensis Rowland. the dipluridspider Euagrus anops Certsch, the pholcid spiderMetagonia tlamaya Gertsch, the glomerid millipedGlomeroides caecus Causey, till:' rhachodesrnid millipedUnculabes porrensis Shear, the trichopolydesmidmilliped Tylogoneus rainesi Causey, and a new speciesof the collembolan genus Smintlwrus. The remainingspecies of troglobite are all restricted to this and contiguousregions. They include the trichoniscid isopodiVlexiconiscus laevis (Rioja), the amblypygid Paraphrynusvelmae J\lullinex, the tarantula Schizopelmastygia (Gertsch), the rhachodesmid milliped Unculabescrispus Causey, the cambalirl milliped Mexicambalarusselli Causey, the collem bolans Pseudosine/lasp. and Acheron tides potosinus Bonet, andthe gryllirl cricket Paracophus cladonotus Hubbell.Among the llIorc notable troglophiles are the crayfishProcambarus (Ortmannicus) toltecae Hobbs: theagelenirl spiders Tegenaria decora Gertsch and T. selvaRoth: the denid spirler Ctenus mitchelli Gertsch: thenesticid spiders Eidmannella pallida (Emerton) andGaucelmus calidus (;crtsch: the. phokid spiders Coryssocnemisiviei Gntseh and .lIe/agonia arnica Gertsch;the opilionirls Aarris dybasi (Goodnight and Goodnight),K. gratio.ms Coodnight and Goodnight, andK. projectus Goodnight anrl (;oodnight: the c1eidogonidlllilliped Cleidopma sp.: the parado"osolllatidlllilliped Oxidus gracilis (I-.:o
Page 1: A REVIEW OF THECAVERNICOLE FAUNA OF
Page 8: . 1-----,, ,", ,\'"I/I~" )/Fig. I.-
Page 12 and 13: collected a troglobitic cirolanid i
Page 14 and 15: C. Bolivar and J. Carranza investig
Page 16 and 17: springs in the vicinity of Cautro C
Page 18 and 19: Cueva del Diablo near Orizaba, Vera
Page 20 and 21: Those species of troglobite which h
Page 22 and 23: Table 2.-(continued)1970. Eodrilus
Page 25 and 26: CAVE REGIONSOnly the cave regions o
Page 27 and 28: Table 3.-(continued)TroglobitesTrog
Page 29 and 30: y the waters of the Amistad Reservo
Page 31 and 32: Although a few caves in the Norther
Page 33 and 34: an elevation of about 900 meters. T
Page 35 and 36: the gryllid cricket Paracophus suba
Page 37 and 38: has been Jiscussed by Segerstrom (1
Page 39: only apparent troglophile is the ps
Page 43 and 44: igneous rock immediately east of th
Page 45 and 46: Rio Soto la Marina and terminates a
Page 47 and 48: caves studied are many large stream
Page 49 and 50: unusual species is Neogovea mexasca
Page 52 and 53: pallidus Rowland, the nesticid spid
Page 54 and 55: troglobites: the trichoniscid isopo
Page 56 and 57: Cambridge, and Pholcophora bispinos
Page 58 and 59: of the genus Lutzomyia has not been
Page 60 and 61: The principal cavernous fonnation i
Page 62 and 63: ocks of Paleocene to Pliocene age.
Page 64 and 65: Beach and Supra-tidal Zone, the I\o
Page 66 and 67: The aquatic fauna of Mexico and Cen
Page 68 and 69: oaxacae Hobbs from the Valle Nacion
Page 70 and 71: described, the genus occurs in cave
Page 72 and 73: large genus with numerous epigean s
Page 74 and 75: milliped, laniatorid harvestmen, an
Page 76 and 77: Table 4.-Summary of cave inhabiting
Page 78 and 79: Discussion.-This large, troglobitic
Page 80 and 81: any way a part of the true cave fau
Page 82 and 83: they have been washed in with soil
Page 84 and 85: part of the aquatic fauna. A very l
Page 86 and 87: The genus Helicodiscus is a signifi
Page 88 and 89: associated with true cave waters. P
Page 90 and 91:
Family DaphnidaeWilson (1936) repor
Page 92 and 93:
tul), Cueva de San Isidro, Cueva de
Page 94 and 95:
30 m below entrance of Cueva de la
Page 96 and 97:
underflow of rivers, alluvial grave
Page 98 and 99:
the similarities between the distri
Page 100 and 101:
Yucatan but did not identify the sp
Page 102 and 103:
Protrichoniscus: Reddell, 1967a:24.
Page 104 and 105:
It indudes five spccies, of which t
Page 106 and 107:
Type-locality.-Pozzo, Etla, Oaxaca,
Page 108 and 109:
Records.-Campeche: Volc
Page 110 and 111:
164; Pearse, 1945:167, 168, fig. 13
Page 112 and 113:
Family AtyidaeThe family Atyidae is
Page 115 and 116:
Creaseria morleyi (Creaser)Blind sh
Page 117 and 118:
the pond which is fed by the cave s
Page 119 and 120:
philes. Pseudothelphusa (Pseudothel
Page 121 and 122:
Typhlochactas elliotti MitchellTyph
Page 123 and 124:
Distribution.-Known only from the t
Page 125 and 126:
(Dumitresco and Orghidan, 1977); th
Page 127 and 128:
Leucohya magnifica MuchmoreUndescri
Page 129 and 130:
Discussion.-This is the largest spe
Page 131 and 132:
Type-Iocality.-S6tano de Huitzmolot
Page 133 and 134:
Bartolo is a name applied to two ne
Page 135 and 136:
Rowland, 1975b:19, 20; Dumitresco,
Page 137 and 138:
Type-Iocality.-Actlin Kaua, Yucatan
Page 139 and 140:
Distribution.-Known only from caves
Page 141 and 142:
een collected. It is frequently fou
Page 143 and 144:
Distribution.-Known from two caves
Page 146 and 147:
actually a natural cave artificiall
Page 148 and 149:
Discussion.-This large species has
Page 150 and 151:
and T. patellaris Bryant from caves
Page 152 and 153:
estricted to the Mexican Plateau (s
Page 154 and 155:
maya Chamberlin and Ivie from Campe
Page 156 and 157:
Metagonia chiquita GertschMetagonia
Page 158 and 159:
Metagonia capilla: Mitchell and Kaw
Page 160 and 161:
the cave and in general association
Page 162 and 163:
DiscWlSion.-This is a delicate, eye
Page 164 and 165:
Type-Iocality.-Cueva de Los Sabinos
Page 166 and 167:
family. Clarence and Marie Goodnigh
Page 168 and 169:
n. 2, San Luis Potosi; and K. rugos
Page 170 and 171:
Type-locality.-Cueva de Apoala, San
Page 172 and 173:
Records.-Chiapas: Sumidero de Canad
Page 174 and 175:
Family HeterozerconidaeSpecimens of
Page 176 and 177:
only one species. All known epigean
Page 178 and 179:
nation must await study, but it is
Page 180 and 181:
Mexico and Guatemala, and several u
Page 182 and 183:
Type-locality.-Gruta de Atoyac, Ver
Page 184 and 185:
Records.-San Luis PotOSI: Sotano de
Page 186 and 187:
Records.-Veracruz: Grutas de Atoyac
Page 188 and 189:
the genus Synoptura and removed the
Page 190 and 191:
known from caves all contain troglo
Page 192 and 193:
las Perlas, Cueva Chica de la Perra
Page 194 and 195:
Discussion.-This species is distinc
Page 196 and 197:
Speodesmus pecki ShearPolydesmidae,
Page 198 and 199:
appears to be most closely related
Page 200 and 201:
this is almost certainly M. russell
Page 202 and 203:
Table 21.-Summary of cave inhabitin
Page 204 and 205:
Type-Iocality.-Cueva Bonita del Pre
Page 206 and 207:
Type-Iocality.-Cueva de El Jobo, El
Page 208 and 209:
Order DipluraFamily CampodeidaeAlth
Page 210 and 211:
of small soil inhabiting japygoids
Page 212 and 213:
(Linnaeus) has been collected from
Page 214 and 215:
Cave. Paracophus caecus appears to
Page 216 and 217:
the most poorly known species in th
Page 218 and 219:
Family EpipsocidaeThe family Epipso
Page 220 and 221:
citata Van Tyne in Cenote de Piste,
Page 222 and 223:
een found in caves and mines in Yuc
Page 224 and 225:
ground dwelling habit, many beetles
Page 226 and 227:
Type-Iocality.-Sotano de Tejamanil,
Page 228 and 229:
Vigna Taglianti, 1972:118, 121-127,
Page 230 and 231:
Veracruz) belongs in another subgen
Page 232 and 233:
Troglobacanius sbordonii VomeroTrog
Page 234 and 235:
Ptomaphagus (Adelops) is a group of
Page 236 and 237:
(A.) speLaeus, from Grutas de Cacah
Page 238 and 239:
epresented by many species. Tenebri
Page 240 and 241:
Myodopsylla gentilis Jordan and Rot
Page 242 and 243:
genus Pholeomyia have been collecte
Page 244 and 245:
Wheeler (1938) has reported the pre
Page 246 and 247:
263.264, 265, 267, 270, 273, fig. 5
Page 248 and 249:
Anophthyctys jordani: Stefanelli, 1
Page 250 and 251:
Prietella phreatophila Carranza, 19
Page 252 and 253:
TyphlilJs: Pearse, 1938a:13, 15; Hu
Page 254 and 255:
Family BufonidaeFour species of toa
Page 256 and 257:
Oaxaca; and E. yucatanensis Lynch f
Page 258 and 259:
sity of bats in the tropics. In add
Page 260 and 261:
Three species of short-tailed bats
Page 262 and 263:
abundant in the entrance area of Cu
Page 264 and 265:
Andrews, E. W., IV. 1970. Balankanc
Page 266 and 267:
Bolivar y Pieltain, C. 1940. Explor
Page 268 and 269:
Brignoli, P. M. 1979a. The morpholo
Page 270 and 271:
Conde, B. 1975. Description du prem
Page 272 and 273:
Ediger, G. 1970. The Birthday Passa
Page 274 and 275:
Gonzalez Ochoa, A. 1963b. Relacione
Page 276 and 277:
Hobbs, H. H.,Jr., and T. C. Barr, J
Page 278 and 279:
Jordan, c. B. 1937. Bringing in the
Page 280 and 281:
McKenzie, D. 1965a. Caves of the Si
Page 282 and 283:
Monod, T. 1975. Sur la distribution
Page 284 and 285:
Peck, S. B., and J. J. Lewis. 1977.
Page 286 and 287:
Reddell, J. R., and W. R. Elliott.
Page 288 and 289:
Sanborn, C. C. 1936. Records and me
Page 290 and 291:
Stone, B. 1979. The 1979 San Agusti
Page 292 and 293:
Villa R., B. 1956. Una extrana y se
Page 294 and 295:
Wimsatt, W. A. 1969. Transient beha
Page 296 and 297:
+*Cueva de los Chivos, 5 km E Altam
Page 298 and 299:
Sumidero Yochib, Yochib, 8 km NE Te
Page 300 and 301:
Serrania del Burro RegionCave, Haci
Page 302 and 303:
+Cueva de Tezoapa, 1.5 km E Acahuiz
Page 304 and 305:
*Gruta Sur de San Bartolo, 9 km S S
Page 306 and 307:
*Cueva del Puente de Fierro, 1.5 km
Page 308:
Cueva de los Riscos, 2 km S Rancho
Page 311 and 312:
Cueva de El Coy-see Cueva del Nacun
Page 313 and 314:
+*Cueva del Aire, 1.8 km at S85°W
Page 315 and 316:
*Sistema Purificacion, Conrado Cast
Page 317 and 318:
*Cueva del Nacimiento del Rio Frio,
Page 319 and 320:
Sotano de Humo, 5 km NW San Andres,
Page 321 and 322:
and Bohor, 1975:25-27, 26m; Reddell
Page 323 and 324:
*Actun Xpukil, 3 km S Calcehtok, Mp
Page 325 and 326:
Appendix 2LIST OF TROGLOBITES BY ST
Page 327 and 328:
Paravachonium superbum-I'seudoscorp
Page 329 and 330:
SUPPLEMENTWhile this manuscript was
Page 331 and 332:
Cambala speobia (Chamberlin) (p. 19
Page 333:
mida (Arachnida) in the New World.
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