Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders 3rd ed - R. Frances, S. Miller, A. Mack (Guilford, 2005) WW

106 III. SUBSTANCES OF ABUSEing of cigarettes first occurred in Mexico, where chopped tobacco was wrappedin corn husks (Van Lancker, 1977).The 19th CenturyThe most popular forms of tobacco used in the United States in the past werechewing tobacco and dipping snuff, as evidenced by spittoons in homes andpublic places. In the late 1800s, cigarette smoking grew in popularity. JamesBuchanan Duke brought Polish and Russian Jews to the United States to manufacturecigarettes in 1867, and he used advertising to enlighten Americansabout the pleasures of smoking. Cigarettes were first mass-produced in Durham,North Carolina, in 1884. Washington Duke used a newly invented cigarettemachine to produce some 120,000 cigarettes per day, thus ushering in the era ofcheap, abundant tobacco products for smoking, and setting the stage for 20thcenturyepidemics of lung cancer, emphysema, and coronary heart disease(Vogt, 1982).The “Cigarette Century”In 1900, the total consumption of cigarettes in the United States was 2.5 billion(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989b). Major advancesin agriculture, manufacturing, and marketing, the Great Depression, two worldwars, and changing cultural norms led to a marked increase in consumption.Total consumption increased from 2.5 billion in 1900 to 631.5 billion in 1980(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1989b). Cigarette consumptionpeaked in 1981 (640 billion) but declined in 1987 to an estimated 574 billion,the equivalent of more than 6 trillion doses of nicotine (Jones, 1987). Anestimated 430 billion cigarettes were consumed in 2000 (U.S. Department ofAgriculture, 2001).Early Warning SignsThe decline in per capita cigarette consumption during the latter part of the20th century was due in large part to growing concerns about the adversehealth consequences of cigarette smoking and the growth of the anti-smokingmovement. Early case reports and case studies called attention to the likely roleof smoking and chewing tobacco as a cause of cancer (Samet, 2001). Key initialobservations were made in epidemiological studies carried out to examinechanging patterns of disease in the 20th century, particularly the dramatic risein lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive lung disease(Samet, 2001). Dr. Luther Terry, who served as Surgeon General of the U.S.Public Health Service from 1961 to 1965, noted that the landmark 1964 Sur-