Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders 3rd ed - R. Frances, S. Miller, A. Mack (Guilford, 2005) WW

6. Tobacco 117cological aids (Fagerstrom, 1988). Smokers with psychiatric illness such asschizophrenia, alcoholism, and depression also have an extremely difficult timequitting smoking (Glassman, 1993; American Psychiatric Association, 1996),and for smokers who succeed in quitting, negative affect and stress play a majorrole in smoking relapse (Shiffman, 1986).Youth Smoking RatesETHNICITYFindings from the Year 2000 National Youth Tobacco Survey indicate that currenttobacco use ranges from 15.1% among middle school students (17.6%,male; 12.7%, female) to 34.5% among high school students (39.1% male;29.8%, female; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001). Cigarettesmoking is the most prevalent form of tobacco use, followed by cigar smokingand smokeless tobacco use.Approximately one-half of current cigarette smokers in middle school andhigh school reported that they smoked Marlboro cigarettes. Black students weremost likely to smoke Newport (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2001). White (14.3%), black (17.5%), and Hispanic (16.0%) middle schoolstudents were significantly more likely than Asian (7.5%) middle school studentsto use any tobacco products. Among current users, cigarettes were themost prevalent form of tobacco used (11.0% of students). White (10.8%), black(11.2%), and Hispanic (11.4%) middle school students were significantly morelikely than Asian (5.3%) middle school students to smoke cigarettes. There waslittle difference in rates of cigarette smoking for male (11.7%) and female(10.2%) students (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001).Nationally, 34.5% of high school students were current users of anytobacco product. White students (38.0%) were significantly more likely thanblack (26.5%), Hispanic (28.4%), or Asian (22.9%) students to use tobaccoproducts (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001). Cigarettes werethe most prevalent form of tobacco (28.0%), with white students (31.8%) significantlymore likely than blacks (16.8%), Hispanics (22.6%), or Asians(20.6%) to smoke cigarettes. Male (28.8%) and female (27.3%) high schoolstudents smoked about the same number of cigarettes per day (Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, 2001).Adult Smoking RatesIn 2000, an estimated 46.5 million adults (23.3%) were current smokers (Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, 2002). The prevalence of smoking washigher among men (25.7%) than among women (21.0%). Among racial/ethnicgroups, Asians (14.4%) and Hispanics (18.6%) had the lowest prevalence of