Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders 3rd ed - R. Frances, S. Miller, A. Mack (Guilford, 2005) WW

428 IV. SPECIAL POPULATIONSand sex-related risk factors (lack of condom use, multiple sex partners, survivalsex) lead to the spread of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus(HCV). In order to interrupt the spread, the capacity of outreach workers to beable to refer to drug treatment programs (especially for IDUs), and increasedaccess to health and social services for those who are using drugs or are HIVinfected, need to be expanded (Estrada, 2002). Treatment slots for those withHIV infection or AIDS will be increasingly required in alcohol and drug treatmentprograms. As the incidence of HIV infection increases among the drugusing,-abusing, and -dependent, the potential for spread into other segments ofthe population increases. For a successful battle against one part of the AIDSepidemic, additional resources for drug education, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation,and research are urgently needed.REFERENCESAlfonso, C. A., Cohen, M. A. A., Aladjem, A. D., Morrison, F., Powell, D. R., Winter,R. A., & Orlowski, B. K. (1994). HIV seropositivity as a major risk factor for suicidein the general hospital. Psychosomatics, 35, 368–373.American Psychiatric Association. (1995). Practice guideline for the treatment ofpatients with substance use disorders: Alcohol, cocaine, opioids. Am J Psychiatry,152, 5–59.American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2003). Patient placement criteria for the treatmentof substance related disorders (3rd ed., ASAM PPC-2). Chevy Chase, MD:Author.Arria, A. M., Tarter, R. E., & Van Thiel, D. H. (1991). Vulnerability to alcoholic liverdisease. Recent Dev Alcohol, 9, 185–204.Arsten, J. H., Demas, P. A., Grant, R. W., Gourevitch, M. N., Farzadegan, H., Howard,A. A., & Schoenbaum, E. E. (2002). Impact of active drug use on antiretroviraltherapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users. J Gen InternMed, 17, 377–381.Astemborski, J., Vlahov, D., Warren, D., Solomon, L., & Nelson, K. E. (1994). Thetrading of sex for drugs or money and HIV seropositivity among female intravenousdrug users. Am J Public Health, 84, 382–387.Avins, A. L., Woods, W. J., Lindan, C. P., Hudes, E. S., Clark, W., & Hulley, S. B.(1994). Infection and risk behaviors among heterosexuals in alcohol treatmentprograms. JAMA, 271, 515–519.Baldwin, J. A., Maxwell, C. J., Fenaughty, A. M., Trotter, R. T., & Stevens, S. (2000).Alcohol as a risk factor for HIV transmission among American Indian/AlaskanNative drug users. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res, 1, 1–16.Bell, J. E., Brettle, R. P., & Chiswick, A. (1998). HIV encephalitis, proviral load anddementia in drug users and homosexuals with AIDS: Effect of neocortical involvement.Brain, 121, 2043–2052.Booth, R. E., Koester, S. K., & Pinto, F. (1995). Gender differences in sex-risk behav-