Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders 3rd ed - R. Frances, S. Miller, A. Mack (Guilford, 2005) WW

10. Sedatives/Hypnotics and Benzodiazepines 239Both zaleplon and zolpidem are effective in relieving sleep-onset insomnia,and both have been approved by the FDA for use up to 7–10 days at a time.Both medicines clinically appear to have sustained hypnotic activity over longerperiods of time. Zolpidem has a half-life of about 2 hours, which is consistentwith therapeutic activity over a typical 8 hours of sleep. Zaleplon has a 1-hour half-life that offers the possibility of dosing in the middle of the night forbroken sleep. For this reason zaleplon is approved for use both at bedtime andin midsleep periods of insomnia.In recent years, the antiepilepsy medicines, including valproate (Depakote)and gabapentin (Neurontin), have been used as augmenting agents in thetreatment of anxiety (Lydiard, 2002).REFERENCESAllgulander, C., Borg, S., & Vikander, B. (1984). A 4–6 year follow-up of 50 patientswith primary dependence on sedative and hypnotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry, 141,1580–1582.American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th text rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Baldessarini, R. J. (2001). Depression and anxiety disorders. In J. G. Hardman & L. E.Limbird, (Eds.), Goodman and Gilman’s, the pharmacological basis of therapeutics(10th ed., pp. 447–483). New York: McGraw-Hill.Burt, D. R., & Kamatchi, G. L. (1991). GABA receptor subtypes: From pharmacologyto molecular biology. FASEB, 5, 2916–2923.Busto, U., Simpkins, J., & Sellers, E. M. (1983). Objective determination of benzodiazepineuse and abuse in alcoholics. Br J Addict, 48, 429–435.Charney, D. S., Minic, S. J., & Harris, R. A. (2001). Hypnotics and sedatives. In J. G.Hardman & L. E. Limbird, (Eds.), Goodman and Gilman’s, the pharmacological basisof therapeutics (10th ed., pp. 399–427). New York: McGraw-Hill.Chouninard, G., Lefko-Singh, K., & Teboul, E. (1999). Metabolism of anxiolytics andhypnotics: Benzodiazepines, buspirone, zopliclone, and zolpidem. Cell Mol Neurobiol,19, 533–552.Ciraulo, D. A., Sarid-Segal, O., Knapp, C., Ciraulo, A. M., Greenblatt, D. J., & Shader,R. I. (1996). Liability to alprazolam abuse in daughters of alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry,153, 956–958.Davidson, J. (2003). The anxiety book. New York: Penguin/Putnam.Davidson, J. R. T. (1997). Use of benzodiazepines in panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry,58(Suppl. 2), 26–31.DuPont, R. L. (1984). Getting tough on gateway drugs: A guide for the family. Washington,DC: American Psychiatric Press.DuPont, R. L. (1986). Benzodiazepines: The social issues. Rockville, MD: Institute forBehavior and Health.DuPont, R. L. (Ed.). (1988). Abuse of benzodiazepines: The problems and the solutions.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 14(Suppl 1), 1–69.