multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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On the other hand, it reduces the need to expend labor, as less land preparation and weeding are required. Therefore, it is also a labor-saving innovation. MPTS systems may riot save time, in the serlse that the benefits from planting trees accrue after a longer pernod than from innovations involving annual crops. The adoption of MPTS can tie up more capital in the form of maturing tree crops than other types of innovations with short rotations. Because of this, the diffusion process can be expected to take longer. Possible Responses to MPTS Attributes of MPTS Trees in general adversely affect the farm in that they compete for soil nutrients, they create shade which slows the growth of other crops, and they take longer to yield, On the other hand, tree :Also provide benefits by meeting daily needs for charcoal and fuelwood, fodder, timber for household implements and construction, and where there is a market, trees are a source of income at the time of harvest. Thus, interating Ires into the farming systems of small farms involves both costs and benefits. Adoption of an agroforestry innovation istherefore subject to a cost/benefit analysis in much the same way as other agricultural innovations. The Promise of MPTS Looking more closely at how trees improve farm*n, the following benefits of agroforestry are often cited. Compared to a monoculture, mixed planting provides more security in a price decline or failure of any one crop. Agroforestry systems require less labor inputs once established, and appropriate practices usually result in the control of soil erosion, pests and diseases, and optimize the use of available space. The advantages of MPTS farming are highly variable. As there is an infinite variety of pussible vr vcrops combinations, the problem of assessing yields and values is enormous. There isa wealth of site-specific anecdotal evidence available, but relatively few generalizations can be made about the type of MPTS systems that are appropriate over a wide area. A danger in research is trying to find a standard package to meet all needs, which is impossible and 104 inappropriate. A Major difficulty is understanding the requirements and potentials of specific types of cropping systems involving MPTS that can serve as the starting point for extension. Agroforestry Systems in Thailand Reviewing typical agroforestry systems under the classification of Coombe and Budowsk' (Faculty of Forestry 1983), the following are typical in Thailand. Combined agrisilvicultural systems are the most common form of agroforestry. Examples of these systems include a combination of rice and teak; r*ce and rubber trees; rubber trees and field crops such as rice, bananas, pineapple, groundnuts., and corn; Leucaena and hardwood trees; coffee and trees such as Hevea, Melia, Parkia, and Leucaena; oil crops such as s:esame, soybeans, grour dnuts, corn, kapok, coconut, sunflower, castor, etc. with hardwood tree species; and medicinal plants with hardwoods and orchids. Combined forestry and grazing include beekeeping, and raising deer and cattle under tree plantations. Con st Combined forestry with crops and grazing include any combinations of the above. Observations From Case Studies in Northeast Thailand Farmers' itesponses to Innovation Northeast Thailand iswell known as an underdeveloped, low-income agricultural region with problems of low soil fertility and high population growth. It has iraditonally been the main source of labor for urban and industrial centers as well as for the seasonal agricultural labor demand. Development efforts in Ihe region have concentrated on improving the soil and farming practices to increase rice production (the staple crop) and diversify field for sale (Craig 1985). It is a land of great contrasts. Some of Thailand's largest farms, cattle ranches, and industrial plantations supply raw materials for the tomato and tobacco industries. It isalso an area where recently established tree plantations are meeting with active resistance from the local population (Project of Ecological Recovery 1989). The Northeast Rainfed Agricultural
Development (NERAD) Project is an attempt to introduce improved farming practices into the traditional farming system. The following are innovations introduced by the project and lessons learned as a result (Chuangcham 1987). A machine to sow rice directly into the paddy The idea is to plant rice by direct sowing, as opposed to transplanting or field sowing, to avoid the problems of drought. The equipment is hand-operated and makes holes in the soil. It costs 2,500 Baht (US$1 = 25 Baht) and uses less seed in less time than the traditional method with dibble sticks. A, a result of the field trials, farmers agreed that the machine decreases the amount of time necessary for sowing. But none of the farmers bought the machines because they are too expensive. In another village, where vegetables are grow,'n for sal, , the machines were not purchased citb r, becaus., planting vegetables provides a higher return than growing rice, Th;s result is interesting as th'. innovation addresses one of the problems of rice growing where rice is a major crop. The equipment can be classified as a laboi -saving 'Anov:ation, but it was introduced in an area where there is an abundance of available labor during the main cropping season. So the value gained, in terms of saved labor, is considered low relative to the cost of the equipment, and the effect on yield is difficult to establish. The end result is that the innovation was not adopted. Improved shallow wells A borehole is drilled until it reaches the underground water table (8-25 meters) and a steel pipe connecting the underground water to the shallow well is installed. The underground wafer continuously recharges the well. The result is increased water availability, enabling more land to be cropped, or the growing of higher valued crops such as vegetables. The innovation was strongly appreciated by the farmers. However, there is no record of the number of farmers who have installed this type of well independently of the project. These examples are presented to point out the lack of standard cost/benefit analyses of these innovations, which is a pity, as the information would be illuminating regarding the returns the farmers expect and are willing to risk. 105 Grafting fruit trees NERAD experimented with trees as ai innovation, through grafting to improve the stock of fruit trees. Selected farmers were trained in grafting techniques and were to return to their villages and teach other villagers. The project evaluation found that the trees suffered from a lack of weeding and care, and a lack of interest in general due to the perception that fruit trees take a long time to yield. The villagers were more interested in crops with short rotations and fast returns. Progress was only reported on an individual basis on certain farms. Management of common land In this innovation, the farmers were organized in village groups to manage the village common land for grazing. The land had been encroached to grow annual cash crops. The village council agreed to take part in the project by ailotting an area for planting trees and a pasture. The pasture was sown with Hamata and Ruzy grass which was cut for sale to the villager, as fodder for cattle, the proceeds going to te village fund. The project is rated a success because of the amount of tree planting achieved and the grass collected. This innovation is interesting in that it involves a whole community, as opposed to an individual, in the decision-making process. An interesting lesson is that the commun;ty perspective was long-term in allocating !and for the project, and they successfully stopped the use of the land for annual cropping by individual villagers. In summary, the findings from these case studies show that conditions leading to the adoption ef an innovation are quite complex. At the individual level, it appears that very clear benefits need to be demonstrated with rap'd returns if an innovation is to be adopted. Innovations requiring a longer time frame for the realization of benefits might be better managed at the community level. There are many reasons for this. First, resource mobilization at the community level may produce a total resource input that is greater than that posibleby an inovidual. Second, a common resource previously overexploited but unmanaged, according to the typical "tragedy of the commons" argument, may be brought under more productive management, thus increasing the productivity of the resource under the
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50: Information about the current envir
Page 51 and 52: importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86: Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152:
Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
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approach that is already known abou
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Research Plans and Metotls Based on
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leaves make good fertilizer, althou
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Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
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The growing importance of small-sca
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taking into account possible effect
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Poster Session Presentations / /
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planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
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L. leucocephala is the most well kn
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Table 4. Probability significance (
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Recently, systematic research on im
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Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
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Forest policy formulated in India u
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vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
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Table 1. List of species for degrad
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Table 3. Productivity potential of
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candidate must withstand certain ed
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arising from the fact that at the f
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Table 1. Soil properties from the e
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Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
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Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
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Table 2. Comparison of average stem
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Table 1. Area and species planted i
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Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
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The Marketing System The marketing
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The field trip, organized by the Fo
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213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
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Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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