multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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development of upland areas. To a much lesser degree, the Department of Agriculture (DA) is also involved in upland development work. A close look at these institutions reveals two problems. First, there is little interdisciplinary or interinstitutional cooperation. Most of the agroforestry and MPTS research is being conducted by forestry units/agencies. In general, other agencies such as agricultural research institutions are not involved. This is unfortunate considering that agroforestry involves not only trees but farming as well. Secol, development institutions are not involved in research planning and implementation. Research proje ts ate often conceived and implemented ly research institutions, Development institutions may cooperate by providing a suitable site but little else. Thus, the people who are in actual contact with the farmers are not part of the process that deermines the direction of technology development, Proposed Research Methodology In view of the preceding review of existing realities in the Philippines today, a general research methodology has been designed to operate within those constraints, Site specific Because of the varied ecological and socioeconomic conditions in the uplands, a technology devclped in one area may not necessari 'y apply to others. In a traditional research program, technology development is usually followed by pilot testing. However, as mentioned earlier, there are very few pilot tests actually being conducted. To accelerate the research process it is essential that numerous site-specific studies be conducted smultaneously throughout the Philippines. Operable within the existing financial constraints and institutions Any proposal that demands a huge financial outlay would likely remain only a proposal. Drastic institutional changes would be very difficult at this time. Able to produce results in the shortest possible time A "fast track" research method is essential to catch up with the large-szale implementation of the social forestry program. This will not replace the 136 traditional "slow track" research efforts, rather it should parallel the established research efforts. The latter could generate information that would serve as inputs for the former. However, because of the very limited research results generated up to this point, it is expected that the fast track research will have to rely on technology already developed by farmers and NGOs working in the area. In the process of producing rapid results, a certain degree of scientific accuracy may have to be sacrificed. As long as the technology developed is useful to the farmers and enhances environmental sustainability, it seems to be a small price to pay. To achieve useful results, a variety of people from several disciplin-s and institutions should be involved to address all key issues in the developed technology. On-farm research is a priority and farmer's participation must be mandatory On-farm research with farmer's participation is a recent development in agricultural research. This approach has been tested by a number of institutions in the Philippines since the early 1980s. The method arose out of the realization that research station findings can not be directly applied to actual farms owing to a different set of conditions (Gomez et al.1985). The adoption of the potato for lowland cultivation is one research area where this approach has shown great promise (Rhoades et al. 1985). Agroforestry is a farming system, therefore on-farm research and farmers' participation in the research process will help ensure that research findings are appropriate for the site and the needs of small-scale farmers. Simplicity The research method should be easy to understand and must not require sophisticated instruments or a long training period. This is necessitated by the need to keep expenses to a minimum. Description of the Proposed Research Method To achieve the above goals in agroforestry and MPTS r search in the Philippines, it is vital that research efforts be decentralized and integrated into the front line of the social forestry program. Research must be a basic component of the activities of social forestry officers.
The CENRO offices which are scattered throughout the country should take the lead for two reasons. They are the people who are actually engaged in technology dissemination to small-scale faimers. As such, they presumably have the most detailetd understanding of the conditions in the area and the 6trongest desire for the undertaking to succeed. They have financial resources to establish demonstration farms and extension acti:ities. At the same time, both universities and research agencies are located throughout the country. Researchers at these institutions can often handle more studies than their budgets allow. It would be most advantageous to'them if they were given a chance to do research by superimposin& their studies on the CENRO demonstration tarms and the-farms of social forestry participants. Sequence of Activities To activaic the proposed research method, a recommended sequence of activities is presented in Figure 1. Characterization of the CENRO area of responsibility This involves the ecological and socioeconomic characterization of the area by the team. To economize, secondary sources of information should be utilized. The CENRO offices will have most of this information available. Division of area into similar ecological zones In certain cases there may be significant differences in site conditions across the area in soils or microcimates. The team should delineate the areas with similar site conditions. Each of these areas would have the same technology recommendations. Identification of major agricultural production systems This could be carried out either by structured or unstructured farm surveys depending on"the resources available. Some of this information may already be available in the CENRO offices. Identification of major problems, constraints and potentials of production systems The major problems and constraints will become the focus of the technology development. The potentials should be fully exploited to improve 137 CHARACTERIZATION OF CENRO PROJECT AREA DIVISION INT SIMILAR ECOLOGICA ZONES IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR PROBLEMS, CONSTRAINTS AND POTENTIALS IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES/MPTS DESIGN OF APPROPRIATE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM(S) ON-FARM TRIALS AND RESEARCH I DISSEMINATION OFTECHNOLOGY FEEDBACK Figure 1.General proposed sequence agroforestry of activities and MPTS in the research method.
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
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References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
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subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78:
Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86: Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
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Table 1. List of species for degrad
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Table 3. Productivity potential of
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candidate must withstand certain ed
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arising from the fact that at the f
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Table 1. Soil properties from the e
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Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
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Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
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Table 2. Comparison of average stem
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Table 1. Area and species planted i
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Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
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The Marketing System The marketing
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The field trip, organized by the Fo
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213 213 em
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Participants Marian delos Angeles S
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Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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