multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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- role of government and NGOs in marketing. Approaches and Methods of Analysis Note - commodity, institutional, or functional approach in analyzing marketing systems; t - case studies versus sample survey; - types of data by source of information (prmary vs. secondary data) and time dimension (time series vs. cross-sectional data); - data presentation (tabular, graphs, or text; and - data analysis -- qualitative or descriptive vs. quantitative (statistical techniques such as hypethesis tests, regression and correlation analysis; and linear or quadratic programming techniques used in spatial or intertemporal equilibrium analysis). Marketing margin is defined as the difference between prices at two market levels, ie. between farm and wholesale, wholesale and retail, or farm and retail. For the latter, it is the difference between the producer price and the consumer price and represents payment for the marketing services provided. References Aguilar, F.V. Jr. 1982. Social Forestryfor Upland Development:Lessonsfrom Four CaseStudies. Project Report. Quezon City: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University. Calanog, L.A. 1989. Development of Marketing AssistanceProgramsforAgroforestry Farmersin the Philippines:A Preliminary Analysis. Project Report: ERDB-DENR. Calderon, A.G. and C.P. Diaz. 1986. An Economic Analysis ofAgroforestry Products MarketingSystem in Selected UplandAreas in the Philippines.Project Report: Forest Research Institute (FORI)/PCARRD. Capistrano, A. and S.Fujisaka. 1984. Tenure, Technology and Productivity of Agroforestry Schemes. Paper presented at the Workshop on Economic Policies for Forest Resources Management. Manila: Philippine Institute of Development Studies (PIDS). 49 Chua, S.R. and C.P. Diaz. 1985. Economic Significanceof Albizia falcataria Tree Fanning to SmallFarmholders.Part 1.Projec! Report: FORI-PCARRD. Consolacion, C.C. and H.A. Francisco. 1988. RuralPovertyin Ethno-Cominunity:An Analysis. Project Report: UPLB-Winrock International. Cruz, Ma.C.J., I.Z. Ferranil and C.L. Goce. 1988. Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development in the Philippines. JournalofPhilippine Development 26(1):15-46. Manila: PIDS. Diaz, C.P. and S.R. Chua. 1985. Economic Significanceoflpil-ipil(Leucaena leucocephala) Tree Fanningto Small Farmholders.Part II. Project Report: FORI. Donovan, D. 1989. EnvironmentalManagement for Conservationof WatershedResources.A Draft Report for the Master Plan for Forestry Development of the Philippines. Quezon City: DENR. Duldulao, A. 1979.An IntegratedProjectfor Kaingin Controlin the Philippines:A New Approach to ForestConservation.Project Report: UPLB/DNR/PCARRD. Kohls, R.L. and J.N. Uhl. 1980. Marketingof AgriculturalProducts.5th ed. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. Pabuayon, I.M. 1987. Market Development Strategies and Assistance for Small Farmers. JournalofAgriculturalEconomicsand Development 16/17:60-68. Rosegrant, MW. 1987. PriceandInvestment Policiesfor FoodCrops Sector Growth in the Philippines.Project Report: IFRI-ADB.
Information about the current environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the dry zone areas of Sri Lanka are presented. The need to rehabilitate the dry zone using sustainable crop production methods is underscored. A methodology and an approach designed to raise the standard of living in rural areas and strengthen the national economy are outlined. It is hoped that this feasibility study will contribute to the debate on methods of promoting sustainable agriculture in dry areas, Background Sri Lanka's biological resources have been exploited for centuries. At first it was on a small scale, with primitive shifting agriculture which allowed the system to rejuvenate through fallowing, and later, on a larger scale, with the establishment of plantation agriculture in the southwest during the last century. The result of this pattern of land use is the predominance of commercial plantation agriculture based on tea, rubber and coconut in the wet zone, while the rest unde.teopcd. of the country remains relatively Recent development efforts in agriculture have aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in food production and improving the quality of life for the 70 percent of the population dependent on agriculture for employment and income. Three strategies to improve crop production have been designed. The first is the provision of large-scale irrigation systems to increase the number of crops per year in the dry zone. The second is aricultural diversification and intensification in the wet zone. The third is the introduction of advanced technologies, particularly high-yielding, short-rotation crop varieties to increase the yield per hectare. Of the total 6.5 million hectares of land in Sri Lanka, only 36 percent is located in the wet zone, which has a well distributed annual A Methodological Approach for Sustainable Agriculture in Dry Areas: A Case Study from Sri Lanka Ainoja Wickramasinghe Department dGrogaphy The Univsity of Pemdeniya Peradeniy, Sri Lanka 50 rainfall of 200-600cm. The dry zone, extending over 4.2 million hectares, is noted for its seasonal and extremely low rainfall, in most years ranging between 80-200cm. Two-thirds of the rain falls during the northeast monsoon between September and February, with a small amount falling during the southwest monsoon of April to June. The rest of the year is a prolonged dry season. Following this cycle, farmers cultivate two crops. The most important Malta Crop is cultivated during the northeast monsoon rains and a second, less reliable Yala Crop is cultivated with the southwest monsoon. The response of the dry zone peasants to the seasonality of rainfall is apparent not only in their croppiand farming patterns but also in househo oo availability, employment and income. The consequences of this climatically determined lifestyle was demonstrated to the author in a study on the role of women in domestic crop production in the dry zone (1989a; 1989b). The ancient communities coped with their environment through shifting cultivation in the uplands, with lowland paddy cultivated by accumulating surface runoff into reservoirs. The traditional practice of shifting cultivation diminished under population pressure, resulting in an expansion of settlements and a scarcity of arable land. The change from shifting cultivation to commercial crop production and permanent cropping of plots has led to a variety of environmental and socioeconomic problems, including diminishing productivity and environmental quality, and increasingly costly inputs. Today in Sri Lanka, the improvement of crop production in the dry zone areas is of particular concern to policy makers because of its vast expanse, inadequate rainfall, lack of employment opportunities other than agriculture for a majority of peasants, and the
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of an International Con
Page 3 and 4: MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 7 and 8: Preface While a great deal of inter
Page 9 and 10: Participants of the conference, lad
Page 11 and 12: The establishment and continued gro
Page 13 and 14: Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
Page 15 and 16: preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
Page 17 and 18: farm and village forestry practices
Page 19 and 20: group. A village in Thailand or Nep
Page 21 and 22: fit within the structure of each of
Page 23 and 24: There is a growing literature on vi
Page 25 and 26: A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
Page 27 and 28: Data Analysis The results of an exe
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Dependency test between ho
Page 31 and 32: Survey and Participant Observation
Page 33 and 34: used the participant observation me
Page 35 and 36: needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38: A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40: Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42: Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44: demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47: through a form of informal collusiv
Page 51 and 52: importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86: Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100:
Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102:
Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104:
small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108:
hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110:
The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112:
References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114:
Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116:
Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118:
esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120:
Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122:
western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124:
crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126:
compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128:
Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130:
The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132:
The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134:
problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136:
and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138:
agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140:
woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142:
local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144:
Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146:
the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148:
Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150:
Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152:
Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154:
approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156:
Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158:
leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160:
Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162:
The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164:
taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166:
Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168:
planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170:
L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172:
Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174:
Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176:
Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178:
Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180:
vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182:
Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184:
Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186:
candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188:
arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196:
Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200:
Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202:
The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204:
The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209:
Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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