multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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As a result, crop failuies are common. Rat infestations occur frequently because synchronized planting cannot be carried out due to the erratic water conditions. Use of Trees Tree crops are planted in homegardens and on other agricultural dry land. The predominant species are Cocos nucifera, Paraserianthes falcataria,Albizia procera, Achras zapota, Maesopsisemini, Toona sinensis,Arlocarptts heterophylla,Ncphelium lappaceutnand Parkia speciosa. Multipurpose tree species recommended by the Karangsari model farm include C. nucifera, A. zapota, L. leucoceplala,A. heterophylla and P. falcataria. The four preferred species in Karangsari are C. nucifera, P.falcataria, A. proceraand A. zapota. Cocos nucifera. Karangsari villagers like this tree because it grows well in the village and has many uses. According to one estimate there are about 2,000 coconut trees in Karangsari, most of which are in Cipicung. The stem can be used in house construction or for furniture. The young leaves are used for decoration, the flower stalk can be tapped to produce palm juice and palm sugar, the fibrous husk is used for household utensils or fuel, Immature coconut meat can be mixed in fresh drinks, and the mature meat is used in various soups or for oil production. Coconut trees are generally planted in homegardens and to a limited extent in mixed tree gardens and rice fields. Planting in homegardens enables villagers to care for the trees and harvest the coconuts easily and efficiently. The prolific growth in the homegardens is due to the nutrients available from kitchen waste and the absence of coconut beetles, which avoid the traffic around the houses. Villagers prepare their own coconut seedlings by drying selectedcoconut fruits and keeping them in shady places, or planting them in nurseries, After about a year the seedlings are planted in the field. A good coconut tree has a straight stem and abundant horizontal leaves. Most coconut trees begin to fruit after 10 years, whereas hybrids fruit at five years. A mature tree produces from 5-20 coconuts per month. After removing the fibrous husk, the coconuts are sold for.Rpl00-150 each to middlemen. They are then sold in the markets in 27 big cities, such as Jakarta and Bandung for household consumption. The fibrous husks are sold as fuel to tile and brick factories in Central Java. Paraserianthesfalcataria. Earlier this century P.falcatariawas abundant in Karangsari, however, after this tree began to be used in a variety of industries and for house construction many of the trees were felled. Replanting rates lag behind harvesting so the standing stock is decreasing. Villagers like this tree because of its rapid growth and reasonably good construction timber. The branches are pruned regularly for fuelwood and the leaves are used for fodder. P. falcataria trees are generally planted in mixed tree gardens and to a limited extent in homegardens. A well shaped tree has a long, straight, clear bole with a large stem. The canopy should be dense with many branches. Natural seedlings are usually abundant around the trees. The seedlings are used as plant material for new stands. A sawmill processing P.falcatariain the nearby town of Banjar exports processed lumber to Japan. The logs are supplied from an area within a radius of 50km, including Karangsari. The timber is bought by middlemen. For a medium sized tree with a dbh of 40cm the current market price is Rp 80,000. Albiziaprocera. Villagers likeA. procera because of its fast growth, and use the wood for construction and fuelwood. The leaves are used for supplementary fodder. These trees are planted in homegardens and in mixed tree gardens. Regeneration takes place after coppicing, and seedlings around the trees are transplanted to new areas. A well shaped tree has a large, straight stem with many branches and a thick canopy. Achras zapota. A. zapota produces good tasting, high priced fruits annually. Wood from unproductive trees is sold as a raw material for kitchen utensils. A. zapota is planted in homegardens and in mixed tree gardens. Seedling production is carried out by planting seeds in nurseries, in plastic bags, or by marcotting. A well shaped Achras tree has a large stem with many branches and a thick canopy.
Data Analysis The results of an exercise in data analysis on the relationships between end uses of tree products and economic status of the villagers are presented in Table 1 for Payungagung and in Table 2 for Karangsari. The villagers' economic status is categorized as high, medium, and low based on three groups of wealth indicators: - house, homeplot, and/or the materials used to build the house such as brick, wood, mud, mats, straw, type of roofing materials, and/or shingles; - access to mass media/information in the household, ie. television or radio; and - transportation used by the household - private car/truck, public transportation, or bicycle. The null hypothesis tested is that income level and species preferences for various productsare independent. Theiriethod of analysis applied was the Chi-Square (X) Test. At the 95% confidence level, no dependency relationship exists between household economic status and preferred MPTS for fodder, fuelwood, fruit/flower/food, timber/construction material, or all uses of wood. A statistical difficulty encountered in applying the chi-square test to this study is the small size of the sample. Highlights of the Study and Suggestions on Methodology From the outset, F/FRED requested that more attention be paid to the methodology than to the results. This case study is considered a test of the research instruments for the regional study. At the same time, the author tried io quantify the conditions tnder which villagers obtain needed tree products from preferred MPTS. Agroecolo ical and social conditions under which a variety ortree products are obtained were assessed. Villagers' Perception of MPTS The villagers' criteria in evaluating preferred MPTS include the potential of the trees to meet. short-term (daily) and long-term needs of the' Short-term needs such as fodder for livestock, fuclwood for cooking, and vegetables and fruit have to be met continuously. To meet these needs villagers plant A. heterophlla(leaves for fodder, 28 young fruits for vegetables, mature fruits as a cash crop), E. aromatica(dried flowers for sale to the cigarette industry or for kitchen use), C. nucifera (leaf butts for fuel, fruit for cooking or for sale), and P.falcataria(leaves for fodder, small branches and twigs for fuelwood). Long-term needs are incidental or occasional. In some cases the farmers plan ahead and plant trees to meet these needs. An example of a long-term need is building a house. Species planted for house construction include P. Jalcatariafor light construction material, A. procerafor door and window frames or beams, A. heterophyll, for door and window frames when fruit production ends, A. eninii for planks or roofing, and S. nacrophylla for window frames, beams and roofing. Fuelwood and cash are needed for ceremonies. Fuelwood can be obtained by cutting old, unproductive trees of A. heterophylla,E. aroniatica,4fangiferaindica andArenga pinata. The need for cash can be partially met by selling large marketable trees or tree products such as P.falcataria,S. macrophylla, or C. nucifera. Preferred MPTS The MPTS network should pay special attention to P. falcatariawhich grows well in two different agroecosystcms. It was indicated as a top priority tree by the villagers afterE. aromaticaand C. nucifera. The latter two species are considered agricultural tree crops and are the focus of attention by other institutions and networks. The positive attributes of P falcalariamake it a popular species. As legume f it also restores soil fertility. The Indonesian government has started asengonization campaign (sengon is a local name) in regreening and reforestation programs. Care must be taken to prevent the fatal infestation of the insect Xystrocerafestiva and a new viral disease affecting young buds, which could be disastrous on plantations. Research MetIkodology Several suggestions can be made about regional research methodology. Criteria used to select a study site could include high population pressure on resources, low level of employment opportunities outside the agricultural sector, with the majority of the population living in poverty. These three problems call for the urgent attention of development activities and
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of an International Con
Page 3 and 4: MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 7 and 8: Preface While a great deal of inter
Page 9 and 10: Participants of the conference, lad
Page 11 and 12: The establishment and continued gro
Page 13 and 14: Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
Page 15 and 16: preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
Page 17 and 18: farm and village forestry practices
Page 19 and 20: group. A village in Thailand or Nep
Page 21 and 22: fit within the structure of each of
Page 23 and 24: There is a growing literature on vi
Page 25: A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Dependency test between ho
Page 31 and 32: Survey and Participant Observation
Page 33 and 34: used the participant observation me
Page 35 and 36: needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38: A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40: Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42: Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44: demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47 and 48: through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50: Information about the current envir
Page 51 and 52: importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78:
Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80:
or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82:
Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84:
aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86:
Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90:
Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92:
The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94:
and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96:
Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98:
home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100:
Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102:
Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104:
small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108:
hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110:
The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112:
References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114:
Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116:
Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118:
esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120:
Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122:
western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124:
crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126:
compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128:
Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130:
The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132:
The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134:
problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136:
and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138:
agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140:
woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142:
local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144:
Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146:
the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148:
Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150:
Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152:
Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154:
approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156:
Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158:
leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160:
Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162:
The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164:
taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166:
Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168:
planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170:
L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172:
Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174:
Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176:
Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178:
Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180:
vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182:
Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184:
Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186:
candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188:
arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196:
Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200:
Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202:
The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204:
The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209:
Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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