multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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Table 2. Dependency test between household economic status and MPTS products - Karangsari Village. A. Fodder High Medium Low Total B. Fuelwood High Medium Low Total C. Fruit/Flower/Food High Medium Low Total D. Timber High Medium Low Total E. All Uses High Medium Low Total Chi-Square 0.4402 0.7826 1.2228 0.2326 0.4136 0.6462 0.9345 1.6614 2.5959 1.9688 3.5000 5.4688 0.7067 1.2564 -ET-1 31 Degrees of Freedom 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 Critical Chi-Square Test Results at a = 0.05 Dependency 3.84 no 5.99 no 5.99 no 5.99 no 3.84 no
Survey and Participant Observation Research Methods The impcrtance of combining survey and participant observation research methods in understanding the p-oblems and issues faced by small-scale farmers in rural areas is demonstrated in this paper. Personal experience, field observations and data analysis have shown that the data col!ected by survey research alone are misleading or unreliable because rural farmers often respondwiih information that does not accurately portray the situation being studied. On th," nther hand, through participant observation, the ,csearcher estab ishes a closer rapport with the farmers and is thus able to collect more reliable data. The participant observation method also has its limitations. Its use is normally restricted to a small segment of the population and is time consuming. If the objective is to study rural farmers over an extensive area within ashort period of time, a better understanding of the situation can be achieved through a combination of small surveys and participant observation methods. This is particularly appropriate when manpower and other constraints exist. Participant observation is important in leading the way before any effective survey is undertaken. A combination of these two research methods would enhance the successful introduction and iniplementation of suitable piojects using multipurpose tree species (MPTS) Background Before implementing any MPTS project, a sound research methodology to underst ,dthe socioeconomic conditions of the target group should be formulated. The research methods used in data collection affect not only the development programs but also their degree of success. Effective implementation of deveiopment programs for the rural poor depends on understanding the problems and issues they face. Studies have shown that some programs failed simply because local needs, constraints and practices were not taken into account (Evans 1988). Thus, a key factor contributing to the success of development programs in rural on Problems and Issues of Small-Scale Farmers Lim Hin Fui Forest Research Institute of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 32 agricultural communities is an understanding of their fundamental problems. The survey method is often used in developing countries for socioeconomic studies to examine the conditions and problems of rural residents. In this method of data collection, questioiis are asked of a sample of respondents, using either a questionnaire or an interview (Theodorson and Theodorson 1969). It is generally used as a means of systematically describing individuals' opinions, attitudes and behaviors (Freeman and Sherwood 1970). The researchers or their assistants visit the villagers for a few hours, ask questions and record the answers. Such data are often analyzed to recommend programs to overcome the problems of the poor. Undoubtedly,this survey method provides some understanding about conditions of the rural poor. However, very often it does not present an in-depth picture. Moreover, some villagers may even give false or mi,,lead ng information to the government officials. This phenomenon was observed while carrying out anthropological field research in Pelawan, a rural Chinese New Village in Peninsular Malaysia. Of the 117 households in Pelawan at the time of the study in 1984-5, 115 households were Chinese, one was Malay and one was Indian. Most were engaged in agricultural activities such as rubber tapping, oil palm cultivation and vegetable farming. There was a mine concession area in the region east of the village and a forest reserve to the northeast. The Surveys During the author's fieldwork inthe village (November 1984-February.1985), two surveys were conducted on the socioeconomic conditions of the villagers. The first was undertaken by three Malay undergraduates of a local university. In this survey, after meeting with the local headman, the students were introduced to several heads of households who provided information on income and other
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of an International Con
Page 3 and 4: MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 7 and 8: Preface While a great deal of inter
Page 9 and 10: Participants of the conference, lad
Page 11 and 12: The establishment and continued gro
Page 13 and 14: Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
Page 15 and 16: preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
Page 17 and 18: farm and village forestry practices
Page 19 and 20: group. A village in Thailand or Nep
Page 21 and 22: fit within the structure of each of
Page 23 and 24: There is a growing literature on vi
Page 25 and 26: A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
Page 27 and 28: Data Analysis The results of an exe
Page 29: Table 1. Dependency test between ho
Page 33 and 34: used the participant observation me
Page 35 and 36: needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38: A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40: Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42: Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44: demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47 and 48: through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50: Information about the current envir
Page 51 and 52: importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82:
Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84:
aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86:
Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90:
Research should be designed to impr
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The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94:
and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96:
Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98:
home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100:
Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102:
Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104:
small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108:
hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110:
The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112:
References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114:
Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116:
Research mus. concentrate on these
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esearch scientists. Many crop and f
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Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122:
western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124:
crops will result in less land bein
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compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128:
Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130:
The usual solution is to pilot test
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The CENRO offices which are scatter
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problem and begin work on a solutti
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and industrial levels, as well as s
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agicultural crops. Many of these ga
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woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
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local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
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Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146:
the mother trees for their homegard
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Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150:
Applying Fanning Systems Research C
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Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
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approach that is already known abou
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Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158:
leaves make good fertilizer, althou
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Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162:
The growing importance of small-sca
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taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166:
Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168:
planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170:
L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172:
Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174:
Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176:
Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178:
Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180:
vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182:
Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184:
Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186:
candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188:
arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196:
Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200:
Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202:
The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204:
The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209:
Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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